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99 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Live attenuated viral vaccines
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Live! See small yellow rotary chickens get vaccinated w/ Sabin's and MMR!
Smallpox, yellow fever, rotavirus, chickenpox, Sabin's polio, MMR |
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Viral gene exchange mechanism that involves recombination
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Crossing over
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Cause of worldwide influenza pandemics
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Reassortment
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Viral genetic mechanism seen in segmented viruses
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Reassortment
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Complementation
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If 2 viruses infect a cell, and one has a mutation that resutls in a nonfunctional protein, the other "complements" it by making a functional protein that serves both
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Requires simultaneous infection of a cell with 2 viruses
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Phenotypic mixing
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These vaccines require a booster
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Killed
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These vaccines are dangerous for i/c pts
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Live
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Killed vaccines
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RIP Always; SalK = Killed
Rabies, Influenza, Salk's Polio, HAV |
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Recombinant viral vaccines
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HBV (antigen = recombinant HBsAg)
HPV |
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Which HPV strains are protected against with the vaccine?
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HPV 6, 11, 16, 18
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Live attenuated bacterial vaccines
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BCG, typhoid, Franciscella
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Killed bacterial vaccines
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Anthrax, cholera, pertussis, plaque
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Polysaccharide bacterial baccines
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S. pneumoniae, N. meningitidis, H. influenzae (SHiN)
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Toxin vaccines
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Diphtheria, tetanus
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What is the only live attenuated vaccine that can be given to HIV-positive patients?
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MMR
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Purified nucleic acids of what types of viruses are infectious?
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dsDNA and (+) strand ssRNA
Exceptions: poxviruses and HBV Naked nucleic acids of (-) strand ssRNA and dsRNA viruses are not infectious: require enzymes |
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Where do DNA viruses replicate?
(1 exception) |
Nucleus (except poxvirus)
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Where do DNA viruses replicate?
(2 exceptions |
Cytoplasm (except influenza virus and retroviruses)
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4 clinical sequelae of adenovirus
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Febrile pharyngitis, pneumonia, conjunctivitis, acute hemorrhagic cystitis
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The JC virus is in what viral family? What disease does it cause?
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Polyomavirus
Causes progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) in HIV |
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Which 3 herpes viruses can be transmitted via respiratory secretions?
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HSV-1, VZV, EBV
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Which 3 herpes viruses can be transmitted via saliva?
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HSV-1, EBV, CMV
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What is the most common cause of sporadic encephalitis in the US?
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Temporal lobe encephalitis due ot HSV-1
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Where do each of these herpes viruses remain latent?
HSV-1 HSV-2 VZV EBV CMV |
Trigeminal ganglia
Sacral ganglia Trigeminal and dorsal root ganglia B cells Mononuclear cells |
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Which virus is responsible for neonatal herpes?
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HSV-2
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Positive Monospot test indicates infection with?
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EBV
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Mono-like syndrome with negative Monospot can be caused by these 3 infectious agents
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CMV
HHV-6 Toxoplasmosis |
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Intranuclear and cytoplasmic inclusions ("owl's eye") seen with?
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CMV
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Blood transfusion recipients are at risk for which herpesvirus?
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CMV (can transfuse leukocyte-laden blood products)
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Transplant recipients are at risk for which herpesvirus?
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CMV
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Causative agent of roseola?
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HHV-6
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High fevers for several days that can cause seizures, followed by a diffuse macular rash?
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Roseola
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Smear of an opened skin vesicle to detect multinucleated giant cells?
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Tzanch test
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Tzanck test assays for these 3 herpesviruses
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HSV-1, HSV-2, VZV
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Fever, hepatosplenomegaly, pharyngitis, lymphadenopathy (esp posterior cervical nodes)
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EBV
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Heterophil Abs detected by agglutination of sheep RBCs is a positive _____ test
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Monospot
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#1 cause of fatal diarrhea in children
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Rotavirus
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This viral family is a frequent cause of aseptic meningitis
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Picornaviruses (echovirus, coxsackievirus, and poliovirus; the other 2 do not cause meningitis)
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4 clinical sequelae of coxsackie virus?
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Aseptic meningitis
Herpangina (febrile pharyngitis) Hand, foot, and mouth disease Myocarditis |
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Treatment for RSV?
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Ribavirin
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Bronchiolitis in babies is caused by?
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RSV
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Causative agent of croup?
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Parainfluenza
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What type of enzyme is carried by the virion of negative-stranded viruses?
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RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
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Which of the picornaviruses (hint: PERCH) is not an enterovirus (fecal-oral spread)?
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Rhinovirus
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What characteristic of rhinovirus makes it unable to infect the GI tract?
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Acid labile
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Mosquito that transmits yellow fever virus
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Aedes
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Two reservoirs for yellow fever
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Monkey, human
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High fever, black vomitus, jaundice
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Yellow fever
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Pathophys of rotavirus
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Villous destruction with atrophy --> decreased absorption of Na+ and water
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Rotavirus often follows infection with a?
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URI
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Two main antigens of influenza viruses
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Hemagglutinin
Neuraminidase |
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Function of hemagglutinin
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Promotes viral entry
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Function of neuraminidase
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Promotes progeny virion release
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Cause of influenza epidemics
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Genetic drift (minor change from random mutation)
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Cause of influenza pandemics
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Genetic shift (reassortment)
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Cause of German measles
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Rubella virus
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Fever, postauricular tenderness, lymphadenopathy, arthralgias, fine truncal rash, 3 days of infection
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Rubella/ German measles
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Seal-like barking cough
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Croup
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Pathogenic factor of paramyxoviruses?
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Surface F (fusion protein): causes respiratory epithelial cells to fuse and form multinucleated cells
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Monoclonal Ab used to neutralize F protein in RSV?
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Palivizumab
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Way to distinguish the rash of rubeola (measles) from rubella (German measles)
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Rubeola rash includes hands and feet
Rubella rash is truncal |
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4 clinical sequelae of mumps virus
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Parotitis
Orchitis Aseptic meningitis Sterility (esp after puberty) |
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What are Negri bodies, what viral infection do they suggest, and where are they located?
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Cytoplasmic inclusions in neurons infected by rabies virus
Commonly found in Purkinje cells of cerebellum |
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When should rabies prophylactic vaccination occur?
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Preventative in at-risk groups (e.g. vets, cave explorers)
Immediately upon exposure in all people (despite long incubation period) |
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Progression of disease with rabies?
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Fever/ malaise --> agitation, photophobia, and hydrophobia --> paralysis and coma --> death
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How does rabies virus get into the CNS?
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Retrograde migration up nerve axons
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Animal bites that commonly cause rabies
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Bat, raccoon, skunk (more common than dog bites causing rabies in US)
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S&S of all hepatitis viruses
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Fever, jaundice, elevated ALT and AST
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Hepatitis virus with high mortality in pregnant women
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HEV
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Hepatitis virus responsible for water-borne epidemics
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HEV
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Common cause of post-transfusion hepatitis and hepatitis among IV drug users
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HCV
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Hepatitis virus with fecal-oral transmission, short incubation, no carriers
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HAV
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Why does HDV require coinfection with HBV?
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Requires HBsAg as its envelope (is a defective virus)
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Which has a worse prognosis: HDV coinfection or superinfection?
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Superinfection
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HBV and HCV predispose to these 3 liver diseases
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Active hepatitis
Cirrhosis Hepatocellular carcinoma |
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3 transmission routes of HBV
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Parenteral, sexual, and maternal-fetal
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What type of enzyme is the virion enzyme of HBV?
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A DNA-dependent DNA polymerase
HBV (also uses cellular RNA polymerase to transcribe RNA from DNA template and uses reverse transcriptase to transcribe DNA genome from RNA intermediate) |
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Two tests used to detect HAV infection: which for active, which for prior?
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Anti-HAV Ab (IgM) for active
Anti-HAV Ab (IgG) for prior (protects against reinfection) |
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Indicates immunized against HBV
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Anti-HbsAb
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Serum marker positive during HBV's window period
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Anti-HbcAb
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HBV serum marker that transitions from IgM to IgG
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Anti-HBcAb
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Distinguishes between chronic HBV with high and low infectivity
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HBeAg + in high infectivity
HBeAg + in low infectivity (HBsAg and Anti-HBcAb (IgG) positive in both) |
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ALT > AST in?
AST > ALT in? |
Viral hepatitis
Alcoholic hepatitis |
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HIV: gag codes for
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p24 (capsid protein)
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HIV: env codes for
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gp41 (fusion and entry)
gp120 (attachment to host T cell |
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HIV: pol codes for
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Reverse transcriptase
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HIV virus binds ___ and ___ on T cells
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CXCR4 and CD4
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HIV virus binds ___ and ___ on macropahges
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CCR5 and CD4
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Mutation conferring immunity to HIV
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Homozygous CCR5
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Mutation conferring slow HIV course
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Heterozygous CCR5 mutation
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HIV screening test
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ELISA
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+ HIV ELISA confirmed with
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Western blot assay
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CD4+ count for AIDS diagnosis
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<200
(or HIV+ wth AIDS indicator condition: opportunistic infection or CD4/CD8 < 1.5) |
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Which antibody causes false positives in babies born to HIV-infected mothers for the first 1-2 months?
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anti-gp120 (crosses placenta)
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Where does the HIV virus replicate during the latent phase?
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Lymph nodes
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4 neoplasms associated with HIV
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Kaposi's arcoma
Invasive cervical carcinoma (HPV) Primary CNS lymphoma Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma |
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Prion diseases are caused by?
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Conversion of normal cellular protein (prior protein) to a beta-pleated form (PrPsc), which is transmissible and resists degradation: its accumulation causes disease
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Spongiform encephalopathy and dementia, ataxia, and death
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Prion disease
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