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130 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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eukaryotes
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have a nucleus, mitochondria, rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi, lysosomes, division by mitosis and meiosis, and other characteristics lacking in prokaryotic organisms
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protozoa
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single celled "animal-like", non-photosynthetic eukaryotes, are usually motile (amoebas, ciliates, flagellates) except apicomplexa. may have trophozoite and resistant cyst forms. important human pathogens:
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Giardia lamblia
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acute or chronic foul-smelling diarrhea, usually water-borne
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Entamoeba histoyltica
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amoebic dysentery (blood and pus due to colonic damage); extraintestinal (liver abscess most common)
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Naegleria fowleri
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free-living amoeba; fatal amoebic meningoencephalitis; enter through nose when swimming in contaminated fresh water
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Trichomonas vaginalis
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common cause of sexually transmissible vaginitis
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Cryptosporidium
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diarrhea that is self limited in normal patients; severe and prolonged in AIDS, very young or old patients; huge (approx. 500,000) outbreak in Milwaukee, WI in 1993
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Toxoplasma gondii
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congenital infection may result in stillbirths, blindness, CNS anomalies, and other defects; often transmitted
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Plasmodium species
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malaria; female Anopheles mosquitoes transmit
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fungi
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chemoheterotrophic eukaryotic organisms with absorptive nutrition; most are saprophytes living off dead matter -- decomposers. single celled microscopic budding yeasts --> hairy molds (filamentous septate or non-septate hypha) --> mushrooms & puffballs. walls of chitin, mannans & glucans. divided into major groups by nature of sexual spores. antifungals often target ergosterol
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Candida albicans
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yeast; common cause of vaginitis (from normal flora); oral thrush in infants; systematic infections in cancer patients; oral thrush and esophagitis in AIDS
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Cryptococcus neformans
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encapsulated yeast; meningitis and death, inhalation of the organism from soil enriched with bird (pigeons) droppings; increased incidence in cancers and AIDS
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Dermatophytes (Trichopyton, Microsporum, Epidermophyton)
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produce infection of superficial keratinized tissues (skin, hair, and nails), tinea pedis, tinea corporis, tinea cruis, etc. (from others)
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Coccidiodes immitis
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"valley fever", "desert rheumatism" flu-like illness in SW U.S. due to inhaled arthrospores from arid soils; in < 1% may progress to disseminated and often fatal disease; enhanced disease in pregnancy and AIDS
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Histoplasma capsulatum
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histoplasmosis, inhaled conidial spores from soils leads to self-limited flu-like syndrome; < 1% develop severe disseminated infection (esp. RES); ulceration and disfigurement can occur; enhanced in infants, elderly, and AIDS
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Pneumocystis carinii
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pneumonia and occasionally systemic infections; important cause of death in AIDS; also occurs in other types of immunosuppression (transplants, antineoplastic therapy, corticosteroids) and malnourish infants
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Amanita phalloides
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wild mushroom poisoning
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helminths
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multicellular eukaryotic "worms"
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cestodes
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tapeworms
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Taenia saginata
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beef tapeworm; ingestion of raw or undercooked beef
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Taenia solium
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pork tapeworm; ingestion of raw or undercooked pork; Note: ingestion of eggs from human feces can cause systemic spread (cystercercosis)
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trematodes
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flukes
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Schistosoma mansoni
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schistosomiasis; "liver fluke"; snail and human host; cercariae penetrate skin; "mask" with host antigens; liver and other tissue damage due to granulomas around eggs released by female worms circulating in conjugal pairs with males in the mesenteric bloodstream
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nematodes
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roundworms
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Ascaris lumbricoides
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giant roundworm, eggs from feces contaminated soil or food; "worm balls"
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Enterobius vermicularis
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pinworm, anal to oral via eggs; puritis ani
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Necator americanus
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(and Ancylostoma duodenale) - hookworm, penetration through skin (e.g. toes)
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Dracunculus medinensis
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Guinea worm; ingestion of water with infected copepods; the Caduceus
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procaryotes
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lack a nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticula, Golgi, lysosomes, division by mitosis and meiosis, and other characteristics common in eukaryotic organisms; usually a single circular chromosome (nucleoid), unique 70S ribosomes, unique cell wall, motility by flagella that rotate or by endoflagella (axial filaments) in spirochetes, often have extrachromosomal genetic elements called plasmids, and commonly divide by binary fission
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rickettsias and chlamydias
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small Gram negative, obligately intracellular bacteria that are arthropod borne (and transmitted) or transmitted by contact
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arthropod (ticks, lice) borne and transmitted
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rickettsias
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Rickettsia rickettsii
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rocky mountain spotted fever, wood and dog ticks
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transmitted by contact
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chlamydias (ATP parasites)
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Chlamydia trachomatis
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different serovars cause (1) nongonococcal urethritis (NGU, a very common STD; females commonly asymptomatic, but may get salpingitis & PID) and inclusion conjunctivitis in infants born by these mothers; (2) trachoma of the eye (#1 preventable cause of blindness); and (3) lymphogranuloma venereum (a serious, but uncommon STD)
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mycoplasmas
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wall-less bacteria that are among the smallest of cells; generally animal parasites; "fried egg" colonies on appropriate media
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Mycoplasma pneumoniae
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atypical or "walking" pneumonia
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Ureaplasma urealyticum
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another cause of NGU
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spirochetes
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spiral shaped with flexible walls, move with corkscrew motion by axial filaments
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Treponema pallidum
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primary (chancre), secondary (rash), and tertiary (gummas, aortic aneurysm, paresis & dementia) syphilis
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Borrelia burgdorferi
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lyme disease, number 1 arthropod-borne disease in the U.S.; ticks; erythema migrans
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Leptospira interrogans
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infectious jaundice (fever, liver and kidney pathology); urine of infected animals
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acid-fast bacilli
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bacteria hard to stain with conventional staining; once stained, resist decolorization with acid-alcohol; due to high lipid content of wall; high resistance to antiseptics and disinfectants (next to bacterial endospores); tuberculin test for TB is an example of a Type IV hypersensitivity reaction
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis
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TB (granulomas - tubercles in lungs); may disseminate - military TB
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Mycobacterium bovis
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TB; BCG vaccine for TB in an attenuated M. bovis; pasteurization of milk
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Mycobacterium leprae
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leprosy (hansen's disease); Tuberculoid leprosy milder than Leprotamous
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Mycobacterium avium-intracellualre
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(MAI) complex - systematic infection in AIDS and other immunocompromised patients; very difficult to treat
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obligate anaerobes
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bacteria that will not grow in (an are poisoned by) air; require special incubation conditions (e.g. GasPak or anearobic glove box)
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obligate anaerobes
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Gram+ spore forming rods; Gram+ rods w/o spores; Gram+ cocci; Gram- rods
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Gram+ spore forming rods
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Clostridium
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Clostridium botulinum
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botulism (intoxication) and infant botulism (infection, honey); flaccid paralysis
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Clostridium perfringens
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gas gangrene and food-borne illness
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Clostridium tetani
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tetanus ("lock jaw") and neonatal tetanus; spastic paralysis; toxoid vaccine
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Clostridium difficile
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antibiotic associated pseudomembranous colitis
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Gram- rods
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Bacteroides fragilis
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Bacteroides fragilis
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very prevalent part of normal flora of colon, often cause mixed infections (e.g. with E. coli) when displaced, intra-abdominal abscesses, pleuropulmonary infections, bactermia
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Gram+ cocci
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sheep blood agar [and high (7.5%) salt = MSA for staph]; catalase: staph+ strep-
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Staphylococcus aureus
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coagulase +; a major pathogen producing a spectrum of infections from the localized abscess (pimple, boil) to impetigo to scalded skin syndrome in infants; toxic shock syndrome associated with tampons; to osteomyelitis, pneumonia, meningitis, endocarditis, or sepsis with suppuration in any organ; also major cause of food intoxication; nosocomial infections; MRSA, VRSA
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Staphylococcus epidermis
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CONS; normal flora of skin, cause infections if implanted catheters and prosthetic devices, nosocomial infections
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Staphylococcus saprophyticus
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CONS; normal flora uropathogen that causes about 10-20% of primary urinary tract infections in young woman
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Streptococcus pyogenes
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Gr. A, B-hemolytic; causes strep throat and post streptococcal sequelae (acute glomerulonephiritis and rheumatic fever); scarlet fever, impetigo, cellulitis, peurperal fever, sepsis, acute endocarditis, streptococcal toxic shock syndrome and necrotizing fasciitis ("FEB") with high mortality
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Streptococcus agalactiae
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Gr B, B-hemolytic; causes neonatal sepsis and meningitis
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Enterococcus fecalis
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Gr. D; causes urinary tract infections and subacute bacterial endocardisis (SBE); nosocomial infections; a fecal streptococcus in water testing; VREs
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Viridans streptococci
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alpha-hemolytic strep of mouth; cause SBE; Streptococcus mutans causes dental caries; thinck glycocalyx slime produced from dietary sugars --> plaque
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Streptococcus pneumoniae
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alpha-hemolytic; causes lobar pneumonia, sinusitis, bronchitis, otitis media, and meningitis; capsule (~90) major virulence factor; capsular vaccines for pneumonia & otitis media
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Gram- cocci
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the imprtant ones are fastidious, coffee-bean shaped diplococci, that are oxidase positive; grow on supplemented chocolate + antimicrobials VCN = Modified Thayer Martin medium
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Neisseria gonorrhoeae
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gonorrhea, proctitis, salpingitis, pelvic inflammatory disease; gonococcal bactermia leads to skin lesions, arthritis, and occasionally meningitis; gonococcal opthalimia neonatorum is infection of the eye of the newborn during passage through the infected birth canal (blindness)
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Neisseria meningitidis
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meningitis that can be spread human to human; isolated polysaccharide vaccine
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Gram+ aerobic spore forming rods
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Bacillus
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Bacillus anthrasis
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cutaneous anthrax (malignant pustule) & pulmonary anthrax ("woolsorter's disease")
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Bacillus cereus
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produces food poisoning of two types (emetic & diarrheal); eye infections associated with foreign bodies and trauma, and occasional opportunistic infections including endocarditis, meningitis, osteomyelitis and pneumonia
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other gram+ rods
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Cornebacterium diphtheria AND Listeria monocytogenes
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Cornebacterium diphtheria
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diphtheria; pseudomembrane that may suffocate; toxoid vaccine
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Listeria monocytogenes
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meningitis and bacteremia; granulomatosis infantseptica can result in intrauterine sepsis and death, or development of meningitis; escape from phagosome with listeriolysin
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Gram- rods
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Salmonella (motile and H2S) AND Shigella (nonmotile and H2S negative)
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Salmonella typhi
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enteric (typhoid) fever; systemic infection; killed and living attenuated vaccines
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Salmonella choleraesuis
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early bacteremia with focal lesions
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Salmonella enterica (S. enteritidis)
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common enterocolitis (gastroenteritis); many (>2000) varieties (serotypes, previously designated as different species) based on different O and H antigens
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Shigella sonnei
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bacillary dysentery (blood and pus from colonic damage), most common cause
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Shigella dysenteriae
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bacillary dysentery, most severe; produces Shiga toxin can lead to HUS
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Escherichia coli
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most common cause of urinary tract infections (UTI), common cause of neonatal meningitis; septicemia, pneumonia, and meningitis in compromised patients; nosocomial infections, the fecal coliform; also a coliform (lactose fermenting G- rod)
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ETEC
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traveler's diarrhea; infantile diarrhea in developing countries; plasmid ST/LT; LT acts like CT
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EHEC
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colitis & bloody diarrhea; Shiga-like toxin; hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS); O 157: H 7
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Kledsiella pneumoniae
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severe pneumonia, UTI, nosocomial infections; slime; nonmotile; coliform
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Enterobacter
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UTI, nosocomial infections; coliform
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Serratia
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nosocomial infections; red pigment (prodigiosin) colors colonies at room temperature
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Proteus mirabilis
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UTI, infection related kidney stones - urease; nosocomial infections; "swarming"
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Vibrio cholerae
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cholera; acute explosive diarrhea; killed vaccine (+/- B subunit of CT)
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Vibrio parahemolyticus
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halophilic, acute gastroenteritis due to contaminated raw or partially cooked seafood
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Vibrio vulnificus
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halophilic, severe skin lesions; enteritis (e.g. raw oysters); bacteremia, and death
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Campylocacter jejuni
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microaerophile; diarrhea and dysentery (resembles shigellosis)
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Helicobacter pylori
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microaerophile; gastritis, duodenal and gastric ulcers, gastric cancer
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa
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infections of wounds and burns, respiratory infections in cystic fibrosis patients, nosocomial infections; "blue pus" due to pyocyanin; Exotoxin A acts like diphtheria toxin
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Acinetobacter baumannii
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nosocomial infections; severe infections of wounded soldiers ("Iraqibacter"); multidrug resistance complicates treatment
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Yersisia pestis
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bubonic and pneumonic plague; rat flea
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Yersinia enterocolitica
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food-borne diarrheal illness; severe abdominal pain resembles appendicitis
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Francisella tularensis
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tularemia, through skin (inflammatory, ulcerating papule) via contact with rabbits, or inhalation (peribronchial inflammation and localized pneumonitis)
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Pasteurella multocida
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human wound infections by bites from cats and dogs
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Brucella (B. abortus)
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infection of the RES; undulant fever; destroyed in milk by pasteurization
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Haemophilus influenzae
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meningitis in children, occasional respiratory infections; capsule vaccine (HIB)
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Bordatella pertussis
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whooping cough (pertussis); vaccines old-killed cells, new-toxoid + adhesins
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Legionella pneumophila
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severe pneumonia (Legionnaires' disease), and Pontiac fever (less severe disease); aerosolized contaminated water
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Streptobacillus moniliformis
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rat-bite fever
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acellular microbes
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(i.e. lack cellular structures commonly found in eukaryotic and/or prokaryotic organisms); no autonomous metabolism or replication; "alive" only when inside of cells
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viruses
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only one type of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA genome) surrounded by protein capsid composed of capsomeres; some enveloped; some have enzyme(s); small, filter passing, obligate intracellular parasites of plants, animals, fungi, protists, and bacteria
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examples of human viruses with VACCINES AVAILABLE
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measles; mumps; rubella; polio; hepatitis a & b; influenza; chickenpox; rabies; yellow fever; genital warts; small pox; rotavirus
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measles
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MMR (attenuated measles, mumps, and rubella viruses)
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rubella
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("german measles") congenital infections in first trimester leads to birth defects and death; thus, vaccine protects "those yet to be born"
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polio
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inactivated (Salk) [attenuated (Sabin)]
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influenza
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seasonal vaccine varies; changes in heagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N) [drift & shift]
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chickenpox
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(varicella-zoster); can get shingles later in life if not immunized
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rabies
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a vaccine for rabies (and anthrax) was originally produced by Pasteur
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yellow fever
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(flavivirus)
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genital warts
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(human papilloma virus); cervical cancer; Gardasil
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smallpox
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(variola virus) disease eliminated through immunization with cowpox (vaccinia virus)
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rotavirus
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one of the most common causes of gastroenteritis; all ages but most severe in children
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examples of human viruses with NO VACCINES AVAILABLE
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"cold sores, fever blisters"; genital herpes; common cold; acute gastroenteritis; shingles or herpes zoster; infectious mononucleosis - "mono"; congenital viral infections; hemorrhagic fevers; AIDS
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"cold sores, fever blisters"
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(herpes simplex labialis) - common; herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1)
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genital herpes
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herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV2); also HSV1 with oral sex; both HSV 1 & 2 latent
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common cold
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(rhinoviruses, adenoviruses, coronaviruses)
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acute gastroenteritis
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(rotaviruses, calciviruses such as noroviruses (Norwalk))
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shingles or herpes zoster
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(varicella-zoster virus causes chickenpox [varicella], can remain latent for years, but then become reactivated to produce the disease shingles)
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infectious mononucleosis
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"mono" (Epstein-Barr [EB] virus)
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congenital viral infections
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(rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex, varicella zoster, hepatitis B, measles, mumps, some enteroviruses)
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hemorrhagic fevers
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(dengue, Hantaan, Junin, Machupo, Lassa fever, Malburg, Ebola Viruses
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AIDS
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(HIV)
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prions
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infectious proteins (no nucleic acids); associated with slow degenerative diseases of the central nervous system of animals and humans. symptoms are loss of muscle control, shivering tremors, dementia, and death. vacoulation of neurons and amyloid-like plaque. spongioform encephalopathies. abnormal prion converts normal prion (alpha-helix) to abnormal (beta-pleated sheet). highly resistant
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Bovine spongioform encephalopathy
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"mad cow" disease
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Scrapie
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sheep and goats scrape and rub skin
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Cruetzfeldt-Jakob disease
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humans (e.g. corneal graphs); variant (vCJD) via meat from BSE animals
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Kuru
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associated with ritualistic cannibalism by humans in the Fore tribe of Papua New Guinea
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