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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Lec 2
- The light Microscope - Use and limits |
- used to look at cells w/ low
resolution - resolution limit is .2 nanometers - Bright field is used to distinguish between density |
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Lec 2
- The light Microscope - components - Ocular |
- Adds extra 10 x of
magnification - user looks through ocular |
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Lec 2
- The light Microscope - components - Objective |
- actually magnifies specimen
- vary on magnification |
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Lec 2
- The light Microscope - components - Stage |
- holds slide
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Lec 2
- The light Microscope - components - Condenser |
- lens to focus light on slide
- does not assist in mangification |
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Lec 2
- The light Microscope - components - Focusing Knobs |
- adjust focus
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Lec 2
- The light Microscope - components - Light |
- light source
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Lec 2
- The light Microscope - Resolution vs. Magnification |
- reso is:
distance btwn 2 points where 2 points are still visable - mangification is: how big picture is |
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Lec 2
- The light Microscope - Resolution vs. Magnification - what determines clarity |
- Resolution determines clarity
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Lec 2
- The light Microscope - info about magn and reso |
- Light microscope has max
magnification of 1500x - magnification is result of each ind. lens magnification - w/ oil, 1000x magn and .2 micrometer resolution |
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Lec 2
- The light Microscope - Bright field microscopy |
- light is background
- dark is specimen - w/out stain, microbes look transparent - some have pigments which can be seen |
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Lec 2
- Simple Stains - Positive |
- stains actual microbe
- remains purple after stain - shows shape of microbe and growth (both pos and neg do) |
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Lec 2
- Simple Stains - Negative |
- stains background around
microbe - shows shape of microbe and growth (both pos and neg do) - NO HEAT FIXING, - use neg stain when 1 - microbe is fragile 2 - size is important (heat shrinks) |
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Lec 2
- Differential Stains |
- stain techniques that stain
different microbes different colors |
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Lec 2
- Differential Stains - Gram Stain |
1 - Flood heat fix smear w/
crystal violet 2 - add Iodine 3 - decolorize w/ alcohol 4 - counterstain w/ safranin |
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Lec 2
- Differential Stains - Gram Stain - results |
- if still violet
microbe is Gram pos - if red microbe is Gram neg |
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Lec 2
- Prokaryotic Cell envelopes |
- Includes all cell membranes
and cell walls |
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Lec 2
- Prokaryotic Cell envelopes - Murein |
- a specific type of
peptidoglycan found only in cell wall of bacteria |
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Lec 2
- Prokaryotic Cell envelopes - Gram Pos |
- Have thick Cell Wall outside
cell membrane |
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Lec 2
- Prokaryotic Cell envelopes - Gram Neg |
- Have a thinner cell wall
- Have (2) cell membranes - an outer membrane - and the internal cell mem. |
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Lec 2
- Prokaryotic Cell envelopes - Bacterial Cell membranes |
- Fatty acids block most
molecules - Permeable to H20 - Active transport needed for other molecules |
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Lec 2
- Prokaryotic Cell envelopes - Archea Cell Membrane |
- NO fatty acids
- uses phytanyl for bilayer - uses biphytanyl for unilayer |
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Lec 2
- Prokaryotic Cell envelopes - Archea Cell Membrane - Bilayer Cell mem. |
- Uses Phytanyl with C20 chains
- Creates a bilayer cell mem. - links 4 Isoprenes together - Unstable at high temp |
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Lec 2
- Prokaryotic Cell envelopes - Archea Cell Membrane - Unilayer Cell Mem. |
- Uses Biphytanly w/ C40 chains
- creates a unilayer cell mem. - Stable at high temp |
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Lec 2
- Prokaryotic Cell envelopes - Murein composition in Bacterial Cell walls |
- Glycan chains of Alt. NAG -
NAM - NAMs have short peptide chains that are cross linked - Peptide chains give rigidity |
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Lec 2
- Prokaryotic Cell envelopes - Murein composition in Bacterial Cell walls - Lysozyme action |
- found in tears and such
- lysozyme attacks murein at NAG-NAM linkage |
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Lec 2
- Prokaryotic Cell envelopes - Murein composition in Bacterial Cell walls - Gram Pos Comp |
- Cross links occur between
Lys and D-Ala |
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Lec 2
- Prokaryotic Cell envelopes - Murein composition in Bacterial Cell walls - Gram neg Comp |
- Cross links occur between
Dap and D-Ala |
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Lec 2
- Prokaryotic Cell envelopes - Techoic Acid and Gram Pos cell wall |
- In gram pos cell walls, they
have techoic acids - embedded in cell wall and stick out - repeating glycerol and ribitol units linked via phosphodiester bonds - allow for identification of microbes |
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Lec 2
- Prokaryotic Cell envelopes - Gram Neg outer cell mem and(LPS) |
- Has Lypopolysaccharides (LPS)
- 3 major parts 1 -Lipid A - causes fever and shock 2 -Core - conserved sugar form same for all gram - 3 -AgO - highly variable and immunogenic |
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Lec 2
- Variations on Cell envelopes |
- all bacteria susceptable to lysozyme at NAG-NAM linkage
- Mycoplasma and thermoplasma have no cell wall - Mycobacterium have wax in cell wall |
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Lec 2
- Mycobacterium - Characteristics and special staining |
- Have Wax (mycolic acid) in
cell wall - causes turbuculosis and leprossy - needs ACID FAST STAIN to be seen |
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Lec 2
- S Layer |
- Outermost part of cell
envelope - made of crystalline or glyco protein structure (honeycomb) - some archaens have s-layer instead of cell wall - also found in gram pos |
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Lec 2
- S Layer - purpose |
- No one knows
- does not add rigidity - maybe protection from viruses - useful for nanotechnology |
