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185 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Y. petstis is more commonly called __
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bubonic plauge
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Y. pestis produces large, tender, swollen lymph nodes called __, which occur in teh neck, groin, and armpit regions
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buboes
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the CO2 test for H. Pylori works because:
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urea-->ammonia--->CO2 gas
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H. pylori causes __% of duodenal ulcers and __% of gastic ulcers
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90, 80
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H. pylori was discovered by __ after he __
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Barry Marshall, drank it
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people with type __ blood are more susceptible to H. Pylori
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O
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tetnsu is treated by __ which is an Ab containing serum of immunized humans which contains an __
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TIG, antitoxin
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botulist is latin for __
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sausage
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the most common cause of infant botulism if __
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eating honey
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anthrax is also known as __
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wool-sorters disease, rag-pickers disease
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the vaccine for anthrax is no longer widely used except in the __
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military
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Chagas disease is caused by a __
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protozoan
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in chagas disease, the protozoan begins its life inside the reduvid bug. the reduvid bug is a __
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biological vector
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approximately __ of all perscriptions are for otitis media (ear infections)
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1/4
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otitis media affects __% of kids before 3 years old
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85
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__ is the most common reason for children to undergo a general anesthetic in the US
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otitis media
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__ statistically, is the single most preventable cause of otitis media
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parental smoking
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a rare, degenerative, fatal brain disease in humans
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variant Cruetzfeld Jacob Disease (CJD)
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was first reported in 1966, 217 cases in 11 counrires, mostly teh UK
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variant Cruetzfeld Jacob Disease (CJD)
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people become infected with __ through their consumptin of cattle products contaminated with teh agent __
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variant Cruetzfeld Jacob Disease (CJD) , BSE (bovine spongiform encephalopathy)
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classic CJD is __ related to "mad cow" disease
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NOT
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agent responsible for the outbreak of vCJD in humans
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BSE
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the mean death age for CJD is __ while VCJD is __
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68, 28
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vCJD has a __ period of illness than classic CJD
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longer
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vCJD is caused by a __
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Prion
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causes depression, apthay, or anxiety, unusual persistant and painful sensor symptoms, unsteadiness, difficulty walking and involuntary movements
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vCJD
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toxoplasmosis is cause by the parasite __
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toxoplasma gondii
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toxoplasmosis is caused by a __
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single-celled protazoan
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the primary host of the toxoplasma gondii parasite are __
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cats
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in teh US it is estmated the __% of the population 12 years and older have been infected with toxoplasmosis and in other areas of the world, __% are infected
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22.5%, 95%
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__ and __ are at risk for serious harm by toxoplasmosis
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immunocompromised people, newborns and mothers who are infected for the first time just before or during pregnancy
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the most common mode of transmission for toxoplasmosis is __
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foodborne, eating undercooked, contaminated meat
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makes infected mice less afraid of cats
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toxoplasmosis
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has signs and sympotms that are very similar to general flu for normal people
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toxoplasmosis
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immunofluroescence staining, slit lamp exam, and antibody titer testing are used to diagnose __
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toxoplasmosis
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to test for toxoplasmosis, immuno fluroescense staining of biopsy material tests for __
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antigens
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T/F: most healthy people recover from toxoplasmosis without treatment
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True
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a mospuito-borne, infectious disease
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malaria
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malaria is caused by a __
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parasitic protist
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in malaria, __ parasites multiply inside __
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plasmodium, RBC's
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with malaria, the primary hosts are __, and the secondary hosts are __
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female mosquitos, humans
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malaria uses __ that form on infected RBC's in order to keep the infeciton in blood vessels and away from the spleen
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adhesive proteins
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blood films, saliva and urine tests, antigen tests, PCR are all used to diagnose __
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malaria
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__ is used to avoid drug resistance to malaria
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artemisinin combination therapy (ACT)
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__ is immune to malaria because it alters the hemoglobin in teh blood cuasing the malaria parasite to die
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sickle cell disease
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most cases of malaria are in __
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children under 5
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__ has teh most fatalites from malaria
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sub-saharan aftrica
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a member of teh filoviridae RNA virus family
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EBOLA virus
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bleeding from eyes, ears, and nose, mouth, rectum, genital swelling, and a rash over the entire body that often contains blood are signs of __
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EBOLA
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reacts with blood platelets and produces an unknown chemical that "punches hole" in capillaries and blood vessels causing hemorrhaging blood from orifices
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EBOLA
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diagnosed by ELISA, and blood clotting tests
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EBOLA
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the only known outbreaks of EBOLA habe been in __
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Africa
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Ebola is a __ RNA virus, thought to be transmitted by infected __
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zoonotic, primates
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__% of those infected with EBOLA die within 2 weeks of teh 21 day incubation period
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50-90
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DIC stands for:
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disseminated intravascular coagulation
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measles is a __
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paramyxovirus
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rapidly inactivated by heat, light, acidic pH, ether, and trypsin
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measles
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meseales has a __ survival time
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short
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T/F mesales only infects humans
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true
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mesales is a __ disease
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respiratory
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in measles, 2-3 days after symptoms, white/grey spots may appear inside the mouth called __
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kopliks spots
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in __, 3-5 days ater sympotoms begin, a red or pronish rash appears
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measles
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mumps is casued by a __
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paramyxovirus
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measales is treeated with __
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vitamin A medications
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teh portal of entry of mumps in teh ___
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gastrointestinal tract
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__ causes salivary galnds to swell
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mumps
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mumps is contagious for __ days
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6
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can be diagnosed by painful and swollen parotid salivary glands
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mumps
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rubella virus is a __ virus
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togavirus
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casued by transmitin via airborne droplet emission from teh upper respiratory tract of active cases
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rubella virus (german measles)
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serodiagnosis of IgM or Ig G, isolation, RT-PCR, hemagglutination inhibition, ELISA, nasal or throat swabs, and blood tests diagnose __
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MMR
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the MMR vaccine vacinates for __
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mumps, measles and rubella viruses
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causative agent of infectious hepatitis
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hepatitis A
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hepatitis A is a __ virus
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picornavirus
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__ is the lease serious yet most common kind of hepatitis
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Hepatitis A
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causative agent of serum (body fluid) hepatitis
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Hep B
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hep B is a __ virus
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hapadnavirus
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__ is the most dangerous form of hepatitis and can lead to cancer
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Hep B
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hep C is a __ virus
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flavivirus
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dark urine, fatigue, fever, vomiting, nausea, abdominal pain, and jaudince (yellow skin) are sings of __
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hepatitis
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hep B may require a __
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liver transplant
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hep C is treated by __
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peginterferon medications
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the polio virus is a __ virus
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picornavirus, RNA
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virus that attacks the nervous system
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polio
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polio enter teh __ and attacks __
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mouth, motor neurons
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polio is transmitted __ and __ and is most contagious __ days post infection
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fecal-oral, oral-oral, 7-10
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most virulent and most common serotype of polio
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PV1
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types of polio vaccines:
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OPV and IVP
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polio vaccine given orally in drop form, uses weakend form of virus
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oral polio vaccine (OPV)
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polio vaccine, injected shot, uses killed form
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inactivated polio vaccine (IPV)
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__% of polio cases are in children under 5
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50
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mono is caused by __
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epstein barr virus (EBV)
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the 2nd most common viral infection behind the flu and cold
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mono
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to test for mono, the monospot test is a __ test
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rapid
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in teh monspot test, the form of heteropile Ab test reacts with __
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RBC's
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the mono tests usually test for __
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anitbodies
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mono can hide for __
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decades
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T/F if you have mono, you should avoid alcohol until the liver is functioning properlly
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T
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chicken pox/shingles is cause by
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varicella-zoster virus
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chickenpox first enters the __
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respiratory system
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chicken pox moves from teh respiraory system to teh __ near the spine-indefinite latency
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dorsal root ganglion
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chickenpox that occurs/reoccurs in adults
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shingles
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the difference between smallpox and chickenpox/shingles is that the smallpox rash is __
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more on teh extremites, palms, and soles
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chickenpox is __ even before the rash appears
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airborne and very contagious
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antibody that is made first
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IgM
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west nile virus is a __ virus
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flavivirus
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west nile virus is __
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positive sense
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when single straded RNA goes into the cell and acts as messanger RNA. can be transcribed immediatly
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postive sense
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spread by mosquito who has bit an infected bird and then a human
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west nile virus
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west nile virus can cause __ and __
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west nile fever, west nile encephalitis/menigitis
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__ was first isolated from a febrile adult woman in teh west nile district of uganda in 1937
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west nile virus
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WNV first occured in north america in __ in 1999
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New york city
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causes genital warts, cancer
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human papillomavirus (HPV)
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__% of sexually active men and women will get HPV at some point in their lives
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50
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__ million americans are currently infected with HPV
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20
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infects T-cells and macrophages of the immune system and squamous epithelia cells
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HPV
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HPV causes __ cancer
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cervical
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the pap test for HPV is an __ test
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antigen
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HPV tests done during a pap test is a PCR-ELISA that detects __
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HPV viruses (antigen)
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protects against cervical cancer
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cervarix
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protects agains cervical cancer and also agianst genital warts, for both men and women
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gaurdasil
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influenza is a __ virus
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orthomyxovirus
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influenza has 2 different spikes __ and __
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hemagglutin and neuraminidase (HA, NA)
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2 mixing vecotors for influenza
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bird, pig
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influenza __ causes pandemics, most varied strain, rapid antigenic drift
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A
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influenza __ mainly infects animals, less lethal, found more often in youth, slow antigenic drift, permits humans to aquire immunity
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B
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genetic reassortment between a human and non-human virus in a non-human host, changes suddenly, moajor genetic variation
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antigenic shift
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accumulation of mutations that facilitate evasion of the host imuune response, happens gradually, minor variation
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antigenic drift
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the __ vaccine is a annual vaccine contain protection from __ flu viruses that are anticipated to be the most common that season
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TIV, 3
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rickettsia rickettsii is an __ that causes __
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obligate intracellular parasite, rocky mountain spotted fever
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rocky mountain spotted fever is usually transmitted to humans through __
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tick bites
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vectors of R. rickettsia 3
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-american dog tick
-brown dog tick -rocky mountain wood tick |
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the main symptom for rocky mountain spotted fever is a rash that starts on the __
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ankles and wrists
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the gold standard for diagnosis of R. rickettsii is __, which tests for __
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indirect immunoflourenscence assay (IFA), antigen
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lyme disease is cause by __
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bacteria Borrelia burgdorfei
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Borrelia burgdorfei has __ morphology
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spirochete
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the highest occuring disease cuased by ticks in teh US
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lyme disease
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lyme disease can be diagnosed by a __
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bulls eye rash
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T/F antibodies mean protection
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FALSE
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the infectino of teh arachonoid mebrane, subarachnoid space, and cerebrospinal fluid by bacteria
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bacterial memingitis
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haemophilus influenzae, listeria monocytogenes, neisseria menigitidis and streptococcus pneumoniae are teh most common causes of __
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bacterial menigitis
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bacterial menigits is cultivated on what type of medium?
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chocolate agar
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H. influenza in a picky organism aka __
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fastidious
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caused by acid fast rods
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mycobacterium tuberculosis
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mycobacterium tuberculosis is a __, usually in macrophages
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facultative intracellular parasite
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the __ of mycobacterium tuberculosis helps survive phagocytosis
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waxy cell wall
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mycobacterium tuberculosis is spread by __
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microscopic drolets of saliva containing bacteria being inhaled
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T/F there is no latent TB
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FALSE
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how is TB diagnosed?
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-skin test: injection of tuberculin, look for raised bump
-blood test: iterferon gama release assay (IGRA) |
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sputum smear microscopy is __
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acid fast staining
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people with __ are much more likely to get TB
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HIV
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__ of people are infected with M. TB in teh world
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1/3
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__ is second only to HIV/AIDS in deaths worldwide
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TB
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the __ toxin is a B-phage (lysogenic) toxin
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diptheria
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can be diagnosed by a grayish psudomembrane in teh throat
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diptheria
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teh diptheriae vaccine is a __
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toxiod
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__ causes whooping cough
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bordetella pertussis
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to diagnose whooping cough, direct fluorescent antibody staing is done. this is an __ test
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antigen
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T/F there have been recent outbreaks of whooping cough
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true
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identificaiton requires biopsy or slit skin smear
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M. Leprae
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acid fast positive rod
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M. Leprae
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causes leprosy/hansens disease
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M. Leprae
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2 forms of leprosy
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-tuberculoid
-lepromatous |
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type of leprosy: has well defined skin lesions that are numb
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PB leprosy
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type of leprosy: has a crhoric stuffy nosede to invasion of the mucous membranes and teh prsense of nodules and lesions all over the body
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MV leprosy
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__ forms of hannans disease are curable
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all
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also called pneumococcus, may cause otitis media
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Strep. pneumoniae
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endospores of this were spread via the mail in 2001
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Bacillus anthracis
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fungal species implicated in “sick buildings”
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Stachybotrys sp
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3 forms: bubonic, septicemic, and pneumonic
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Yersinia pestis
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main sign is severe cough, gasping for breath
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Bordetella pertussis
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bloody diarrhea and hemolytic uremia syndrome
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E. coli O157:H7
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filovirus found in Zaire, Sudan, Ivory Coast, Reston
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EBOLA virus
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may cause massive “rice stool” diarrhea
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Vibrio cholerae
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first sign is usually a “bullseye” rash
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Borrelia burgdorferi
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may be diagnosed with 14C urea test
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Helicobacter pylori
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major cause of common cold
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rhinoviruses
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virus agglutinates RBCs, H1N1 is one type
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Influenza virus
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common signs are parotitis and orchitis
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mumps virus
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a major sign is jaundice
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hepatitis A virus
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herpesvirus that infects B cells, can cause cancer
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EBV
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very small virus that can cause paralysis
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poliovirus
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causes cycles of fever as RBCs are lysed
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Plasmodium sp (malaria)
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vaccination eradicated disease in 1977
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smallpox virus
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HiB vaccine is carbohydrate linked to protein
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Haemophilus influenzae
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