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93 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Acne
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Agent: Propionibacterium acnes Gr stain: Gr+ pleomorphic rods-diphteroids Symptoms: Bacterial antigens+ fatty acids causes local inflammation.Anaerobic bacteria inhabits hair follicles and produce propionic acidOverproduction of sebum leads to clogging pores |
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Skin scaling dandruff
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Agent: Yeast Malassezia |
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Scalded Skin Syndrome
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Agent: Staphylococci Symptoms: Peeling off the skin |
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Impetigo
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Agent: Staphylococcus Aureus or Streptococcus pyogens Symptoms: Skin lesions, small patches on the face and limbs, develops into pus-filled vesicles that itch (highly contagious) Treatment: antibiotic-protein inhibitor (cephalexin) |
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Necrotizing fasciitis "Flesh eating bacteria" |
Agent: Streptococcus Pyogens Symptoms: Rapid destruction of tissue, hyaluronidase: dissolves the connective tissue, Exotoxin A: acts as superantigen cause an immune response that is useless |
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Gangrene
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Agent: Clostridium Perfinges Symptoms: Blood supply to the tissuer is interrupted Treatment: PCN, surgical removal, hyperbaric chamber |
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Dermatits
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Agent: Pseudomonas aeruginosa Gr negative aerobic Symptoms: rash associated with swimming in pools Treatment: antipseudomona b-lactame antibiotics |
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Warts
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Agent: Virus-HPV (80 types) Symptoms: transmitted by contact, sexual contact, and respiratory routs Vaccine available Treatment: liquid nitrogen, electrical current, burning with acids, laser treatment |
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Smallpox (variola)
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Agents: Virus: Orthopoxvirus Symptoms: skin lesions, pustules after 10 days ***First disease eradicated, vaccine discontinued |
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Chickenpox (varicella)
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Agent: Virus, herpesvirus varicella-zoster ( human herpesvirus 3) Symptoms: Skin lesions, virus remains latent in nerve cell near spine Vaccine available |
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Shingles
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Agent: Virus, herpesvirus varicella-zoster Symptoms: latent virus of varicella reactivated by stress causes new outbreak |
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Herpes Simplex Type 1
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Agent: HSV1 Symptoms: lesions in the oral mucous membrane "cold sores" or "fever blisters" |
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Herpes Simplex Type 2
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Agent: HSV2 Symptoms: genital herpes, transmitted by sexual contact (antigenic makeup) |
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Measles (rubeola)
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Agent: Virus Symptoms: similar to common cold, rash on face and trunk, lesions in the mouth Vaccine available |
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Rubella (German Measles)
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Agent: Viral Symptoms: Light fever, small red spots, fatal for pregnant women Vaccine available (not for pregnant women) |
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Dermatomycoses
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Agent: Fungus Symptoms: fungal infection of the skin, nails, and hair. RIngworm fungus digest keratin |
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Candidiasis
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Agent: Yeast candida albicans Symptoms: Overgrowth of mucosal tissue when the normal microflora is suppressed. In newborns: whitish overgrowth in the mouth cavity Treatment: miconazole, nistatin |
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Conjunctivitis (red eye)
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Agent: Viral, Bacterial: haemophilus influenza and pseudomonads Symptoms: Inflammation of the conjunctiva (mucous membrane that lines the eyelids and covers the eye ball)Source of infection: skin, upper respiratory tract and contact lenses. |
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Neonatal gonorrheal ophthalmia
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Agent: Neisseria gonorrheae Symptoms: Contracted as the infant passes through the birth canal Treatment: Silver nitrate (no longer used) |
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Trachoma (most often cause of blindness) |
Agent: Chlamidia Trachomatis (intracellular parasite) Symptoms: conjunctivitis, mechanical damage of cornea caused by in-turning of eyelashes Treatment: Tetracycline |
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Acanthamoeba Keratitis
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Agent: Protozoa Symptoms: Inflammation, in later stage there is severe pain. Found in fresh water, tap water, hot tubs. Infection associated with contact lenses, damage cornea is susceptible to infection |
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Meningitis Agents
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Bacteria: Streptococcus pneumonia, haemophylus influenza, Neisseria meningitides and 50 other species of bacteria Viruses, fungi and protozoa as well |
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Meningitis Gr - or +?
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Haemophylus influenza: Gr negative, found in children 6 months to 4 years Neisseria Meningitides: Gr Negative cocci Streptococcus pneumonia: Gr positive diplococcus (in children 1 month to 4 years |
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Meningitis Symptoms
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-Sudden high fever and severe headache, -vomiting Inflamed spinal meninges: stiff neck, altered muscle control -infection of the brain, or “encephalitis, can result in behavioral changes, coma and death-signs and symptoms may develop rapidly |
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Meningitis Treatment
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Haemophylus-vaccine Neisseria: Vaccine, treatment with PCN injections ASAP Streptococcus: Vaccine recommended for infants under 2 |
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Listeriariosis
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Agent: Listeria monocytogenes Gr positive rods Symptoms: Infects animals and humans, ingestion of contaminated food, adults with compromised immune systems and pregnant women are more susceptible. - Grows in central nervous system and placenta Treatment: PCN G |
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Fungal Meningitis
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Agent: Cryptococcus neoroformans; yeast Symptoms: Found in soil, infection via inhalation, symptoms: headaches, stiff neckAffects especially aids patients |
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Naegleria meningoencephalitis
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Agent: Naegleria flowleriamaeba Symptoms: the pathogen infects the nasal mucous membrane and then the brain, 100% fatal |
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Arboviral encephalitis
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Agent: arthropod borne virus; western equine encephalitis, eastern equine encephalitis,St. Luis encephalitis,California encephalitis,Japan B encephalitis Symptoms: Chills, fever, headaches, and even death |
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West Nile Virus
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Agent: Arbovirus Symptoms: Body aches, headache, Polio-like paralysis and fatal encephalitis, infects birds and humans Treatment: alleviate symptoms Prevention: limit contact with mosquitoes |
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Creuzfeldt-Jacob
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Agent: prions Symptoms: altered behavior, dementia, memory loss, senility |
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Sheep Scrapie
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Agent: prions Symptoms: the infected animal scrapes itself against the wall, loss of motor control, death |
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Rabies
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Agent: virus; rhabdovirus Symptoms: Spasm of muscles, hydrophobia, biting behavior, excitability, increased salivation, difficulties in swallowing. Damaged to nervous system-death. Treatment: 5-6 injections of vaccine + rabies immune globulin |
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Poliomyelitis (polio)
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Agent: virus; polyovirus Symptoms: Fever, sore throat,, nausea, virus multiplies in the motor cell, cell dies. 1% of infected will suffer paralysis Vaccines: Salk vaccine (Europe), Sabun vaccine (US) |
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tetanus
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Agent: Bacteria, clostridium tetani Gr positive rod Symptoms: tightening of the jaw and neck muscles, followed by fever and muscle spasm Vaccine available (DTP) Treatment: Human tetanus immunoglobulin, PCN |
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Botulism
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Agent: bacteria, clostridium botulinim Symptoms: Muscle remains relaxed, flaccid paralysis) Treatment: antitoxin therapy |
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African trypanosomiasis "sleeping sickness"
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Agent: protozoan; trypanosome brucei gambiense Symptoms: decrease in physical activity and mental acuity, coma and death Treatment-suramin in early stages, arsenic-based drug in late stages Prevention: eliminating tsetse fly Vaccine difficult to develop because ability of parasite to change protein coat |
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subacute bacteria endocarditis
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Agent: Bacteria: a-hemolytic streptococci Symptoms: bacteria grow on preexisting lesions, if not treated can be fatal within months, the microorganism enter the blood during tooth extraction or tonsillectomy Treatment: prophylactic antibiotic treatment |
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Acute bacterial endocarditis
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Agent: Bacteria, staphylococcus aureus Symptoms: Transferred from original infection site to the heart ( traumatic injury of surgical procedure)Colonize hear valves ( vegetation)- cardiac malfunction. Rapid destruction of heart valves. If untreated fatal within few days |
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Plague (black death)
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Agent: Bacteria, Yersinia pestis Gr negative rod Symptoms: enlargement of lymph nodes in armpit and groins, |
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Bubonic Plague
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Agent: Bacteria Symptoms: inflamed lymph nodes called buboes |
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Pneumonic plague
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when bacterium for the plague spreads to the lungs Treatment: Streptomycin, tetracycline |
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Rheumatic fever
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Agent: bacteria, streptococcus Symptoms: autoimmune reaction of the organism initiated by streptococcal infection. preceded by sore throat. Arthritis, fever, and nodules at joints. immune reaction is misdirected toward the heart valves |
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Anthrax
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Agent: bacterial, Bacillus anthracis Gr positive Symptoms: Respiratory tract: pulmonary anthrax has 100% mortality, Gastrointestinal anthrax has 50% mortality, released exotoxin causes septicemia Treatment: PCN (not effective against the toxin) |
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Gangrene
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Agent: bacteria, clostridium Symptoms: blood supply to the tissue is interrupted |
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Lyme disease
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Agent: bacteria, borrelia burgdorferi Symptoms: 1-expanding red rash that often resembles bulls eye, flu like symptoms, antibiotic effective. 2-neurological symptoms-facial paralysis, meningitis, 3-severe arthritis Treatment: Doxycycline, PCN |
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Epidemic typhus
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Agent: bacteria, rickettsis prowazekki Symptoms: -transmitted by the human body louse, infection occurs when the feces of louse are rubbed into the skin when the host scrathes the bite. The microbe infects endothelia cells of vascular system, causing rapture of small blood vessels-hemorrhaging-red spot on the skinHigh fever, stupor and rash Treatment: tetracycline and chloramphenicol |
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Mononucleosis (mono)
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Agent: Virus, Epstein-barr Symptoms: swelling of lymph nodes and spleen, proliferation of special type of lymphocytes, rapture of spleen possible Treatment: relieving symptoms, rest |
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Yellow fever
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Agent: arbovirus Symptoms: Transmitted by mosquitoes ( Aedes aegypti)Symptoms: fever, nausea, vomitingYellowing of the skin as a result of liver damage Prevention: control of mosquito population |
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Viral hemorrhagic fevers
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Agent: Marburg virus Symptoms: Headache, fever, internal and external bleeding |
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Lassa fever
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virus Symptoms: chest pain, hemorrhaging Reservoir: rodent urine |
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Ebola
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Virus Symptoms: Capillary fragility, massive internal and external bleeding |
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AIDS
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Virus, HIV Infect T cells (type of white blood cells)Is a retrovirusIts components are two strands of RNA and the enzyme reverse transcriptase -stages of HIV infection:category A: swollen lymph nodes category B: yeast infection of mouth, throat or vaginacategory C: al symptoms of aids – yeast infections, tuberculosis, kaposi’s sarcoma Treatment: nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors |
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Toxoplasmosis
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Agent: protozoa, toxoplasma gandii Human infection starts with eating raw meat of an infected animal or ingesting oocysts from urine or feces of infected cat Symptoms: flu like symptomsInfection of pregnant women my result in death of the fetus or congenital defects(brain damage, blindness, and mental retardation |
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Malaria
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Agent: protozoa, plasmodiums: p. falciparum, o. vivax, p. ovale, p. malarie Symptoms: fever, chills recur every two to three days as erythrocytes lyse, anemia fatigue and jaundice Treatment: chloroquine |
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The common cold
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Virus: rhinoviruses and coronaviruses Symptoms: Sneezing, nasal secretion, congestionPrimary infection is in the throat but can spread to the lower respiratory system and the middle ear.Immunity is accumulated during lifetime |
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Acute Otitis Media (ear infection)
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Agent: streptococcus pneumonia, haemophilus influenza Treatment: broad spectrum antibiotics |
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Streptococcal pharyngitis (strep throat)
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Agent: bacteria, streptococcus pyogenes Symptoms: Inflammation of throat mucous membrane, lymph nodes, difficulty swallowin Treatment: PCN |
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Diphtheria
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Agent: bacteria, corynebacterium diphteriae Gr positive Symptoms: sore throat, fever, grayish membrane in the throat (can block the passage of air) Vaccine (DTP) Treatment: PCN and erythromycin plus antitoxin |
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Pertusis (whooping cough)
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Agent: bacteria, bordetella pertussis Gr negative coccobacilli Symptoms: affect the ciliated escalator system (prevent movement of mucus) infants can suffer from brain damage caused by severe coughing Vaccine (DTP) |
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Influenza
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Virus Symptoms: chills, fever, headache and muscle aches Vaccine with three most important strains |
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Tuberculosis
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Agent: bacteria, mycobacterium tuberculosis Gr positive Symptoms: initial-minor cough and fever, later-difficulty breathing, chest pain, wheezing, coughing up blood, long term infection Vaccine (BCG) Treatment: streptomycin, isoniazid, rifampin, pyarain amid |
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pneumonia (pneumococcal pneumonia)
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Agent: bacteria, streptococcus pneumoniae Gr positive Symptoms: Breathing difficulty, high fever, chest pan, bacteria can enter the blood stream and infect the meninges Treatment: PCN |
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Legionellosis
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Agent: bacteria, legionella pneumophila Found in various natural environments, water lines, air conditioning systems, shower heads, decorative fountains |
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Histoplasmosis
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Agent: fungus; histoplasma capsulatum dimorphic fungus Symptoms: Infected lungs show lesions resembling tuberculosisIn US the diseases is localized in Mississippi and Ohio |
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Dental caries
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Agent: bacteria, streptococcus mutans and filamentous bacteria actinomyces Gr positive Prevention: avoid sucrose, brush teeth and floss |
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Periodontal disease
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Agent: bacteria, polymicrobial biofilm Initial stage: gingivitis Symptoms: swelling, bleeding of gingiva, formation of pockets Advanced stage: periodontitis Symptoms: tissue destruction, formation of deep pockets, build up of calculus( deposits of ca CO3), loosening of teeth, bone loss |
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mumps
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Agent: virus, paramyxovirus Disease of paratoid ( salivary) gland (located bellow the ears) Swelling of paratoid gland, fever, pains during swallowing Vaccine (MMR) |
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Gastric ulcer
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Agent: bacteria, helicobacter pylori Lesions in the mucus membrane of the stomachSymptoms: abdominal burning pain |
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Acute diarrhea
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Agent: bacteria Symptoms: frequent loose or liquid bowel movements |
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Salmonellosis
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Agent: bacteria, salmonella Gr negative Bacteria invade the intestinal mucous membrane |
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Typhoid fever
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Agent: salmonella typhi Symptoms: Headache, high fever and diarrhea (after 2nd week) Vaccine available Treatment: antimicrobial drugs |
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E. Coli 0157:H7
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Agent: bacteria, e. coli Symptoms: Gastroenteritis, bloody diarrhea, anemia, kidney damage, blindness, seizure and stroke Transmission: ingestion of contaminated and undercooked beef, lettuce, and veggies Treatment: supportive therapy |
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Cholera
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Agent: bacteria, vibrio cholerae Symptoms: Severe diarrhea with sudden loss of fluids, shock collapse, and even deathThe blood becomes very viscous Treatment: replace lost fluids, electrolytes, tetracycline |
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Staphilococcal food poisoning
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Agent: Bacteria, staphylococcus aureus Symptoms: Abdominal cramps, vomiting and diarrhea,self-limiting, recovery within 24 hours |
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Cryptosporidiosis
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Agent: protozoan, cryptosporidium hominis Symptom: diarrhea |
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Giardiasis
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Agent: protozoan, giardia lamblia Infection via contaminated water Symptoms:Nausea, intestinal gas, weakness, abdominal cramps, diarrhea Treatment: metronidazole |
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Hepatitis
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Virus (HEP A, B, C, D, E) Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver. Symptoms: Jaundice, abdominal pain, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, appetite loss |
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Hepatitis A
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Agent: single stranded RNA virus, no envelope Symptoms: Infection is acquired via oral rout ( fecal contamination of food, water, and oysters) Symptoms: anorexia, nausea, fever, abdominal discomfort, fever, and chills and jaundice Vaccine available |
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Hep B
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Agent: double stranded DNA virus with the envelope Transmission: break in the skin-body fluids (blood, saliva, breast milk, semen) Symptoms: loss of appetite, fever, joint pains, jaundice |
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Cystitis
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Agent: Bacteria, E. Coli, Klebsiella, Proteus, and pseudomonads Females more susceptible-due to short urethra that is close to the anus Symptoms: frequent, urgent and painful urination, urine may be cloudy Treatment: antimicrobial drugs |
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Pyelonephritis
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Agent: bacteria, E. coli Symptoms: inflammation of kidneys, back pain Treatment: intravenous antibiotics |
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Leptospirosis
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Agent: bacteria: leptospira interrogans Humans contract the disease via urine-contaminated water Symptoms: 1st episode :headache, muscular ache, chill.2nd episode: kidney failure Treatment: antibiotic treatment in later stage not effective |
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Gonorrhea
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Agent: bacteria, Neisseria gonorrhea Symptoms in males: Painful urination and discharge of pus. Symptoms in females: females are asymptomatic (no symptoms), in most cases. Treatment: PCN, Ciprofloxacin, cephalosporins |
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Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) women only
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Agent: bacteria, Neisseria gonorrhea, chlamydia trachomatis, mycoplasma hominis (rarely) Symptoms: inflammation of uterine tubes, fever, abdominal pain Treatment: cephalosporin |
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Syphilis
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Agent: bacteria, treponema pallidum Treatment: benzathin, PCN |
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Primary stage syphilis
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soft chancre- small lesions on the skin in the site of infection
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Secondary Stage Syphilis
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Several weeks after the primary stage-skin rashes and lesion (contain bacteria), infection by non-sexual contact is possible
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Tertiary Stage syphilis
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lesions called gummas (rubbery thickening of the skin or internal organs) not very infectious. Organs affected: cardiovascular system, and brain resulting in personalty change, blindness, and seizure
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Chlamydial infection
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Agent: bacteria Symptoms in women: the bacteria initially infect the cervix and urethra, might have an abnormal vaginal discharge or a burning sensation when urinating. Symptoms in men: discharge from the penis or a burning sensation when urinating |
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Lymphogranuloma venereum
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Agent: bacteria, chlamydia trichomatis Symptoms: Small painless ulcer on genitalia , swelling and redness of the skin the groin area,swollen groin lymph nodes on one or both sides |
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Genital herpes
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Virus, HSV2 Symptoms: Vesicles appear on the skin of genital organs, painful urination. Vesicles disappear in 2 weeks Treatment: acyclovir, valacyclovir |
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Trichomoniasis
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Agent: protozoan, Trichomonas vaginalis Inhabitant of vagina and urethra in males Males have no symptoms of infection. Symptoms in females: irritation and itching with the discharge Treatment: metranidazol-administered to both partners |
