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102 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Mycobacterium TB
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis
rod, obligate aerobe acid fast cell wall has a large amount of lipids |
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Malaria
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Plasmodium vivax/ovale/falciparum
caused by parasite carried by female mosquito can cause anemia |
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Salmonella
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Salmonella enterica
enteritidis/typhimuurium gram -, rod shaped facultative anaerobe don't use antibiotics in food- meat and poultry |
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Lyme Disease
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Borrelia burgdorferi
spirochete, gram -, microaerophilic (little air) bullseye rash death is rare carried by ticks, deer, raccoons |
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Botulism
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Clostridium botulinum
gram +, rod shaped, obligate anaerobe, produce endotoxins foodborne, wound, infant boil food |
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Rabies
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Order- Mononegavirales
Family- Rhabdoviridae Genus- Lyssavirus bullet shaped first symptoms- flu like then attacks CNS |
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Enterococcus faecalis
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gram + cocci
firmicutes gastrointestinal tract, vagina, mouth nosocomial infections |
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa
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gamma Proteobacteria- gram - aerobic rods and cocci
Order- Pseudomonadales gram -, aerobic, rods or cocci |
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Enterobacter aerogenes
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gamma Proteobacteria- facultative gram - rods, enterics
urinary tract infections soil, skin, mucus membranes |
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Spirochetes
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move by axial filaments
Treponema, Borrelia Aquatic, animal parasites helical (like a spring), gram - |
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Gram - aerobic rods and cocci
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Pseudomonas, Legionella, Neisseria, Rhizobium
soil, water, animal parasites |
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Facultative Gram - rods, enterics
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Escherichia, Salmonella, Klebsiella, Vibrio, Enterobacter, Yersinia
soil, plants, animals- respiratory, coliforms |
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Anaerobic Gram - rods
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Bacteroides
animals and insects, intestinal |
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Aerobic, nitrifying, chemoautotrophs
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Nitrosomonas, nitrobacter
soil, gram -, agricultural |
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Endospores, aerobic to anaerobic
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gram + rods and cocci
Bacillus, Clostridium soil, animal intestinal tract |
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Regular, Gram + rods
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Lactobacillus, Listeria
dairy products |
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Irregular, gram + rods
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Corynebacterium
human pathogens,pleomorphic |
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Mycobacteria
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Mycobacterium
soil, plants, animals gram + acid-fast |
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Gram + cocci
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Staph, Strep, Enterococcus
soil, skin, mucus membranes |
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Binary fission
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cell division, cell divides along median
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Physical requirements for microorganisms
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Temp., pH, osmotic pressure,
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Chemical requirements for microorganisms
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carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, trace elements, oxygen, organic growth factors
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Chemically defined media
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media whose exact chemical composition is known
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Complex media
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exact chemical composition is not known
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Generation time
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the time required for a cell to divide
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Bacterial growth curve
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lag phase- little or no cell division
log phase- much cell growth stationary phase- period of equilibrium death phase- cells die |
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plate counts
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counting colonies from plates
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Serial dilutions
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concentration of bacteria reduce ten-fold as dilution continues
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Pour plates
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petri plates are inoculated with each ten-fold dilution, count of colonies can be used to calculate original number in sample
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Spread plate
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Inoculum is spread over the entire surface of the agar plate
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Filtration
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water is passed through a membrane filter which bacteria can't pass through, filter is then plated
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Turbidity
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Medium becomes cloudy and measured with spectrophotometer to measure amount of cells using a log
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Sterilization
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the removal or destruction of all forms of microbial life
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Disinfection
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destruction of vegetative pathogens
use chemicals, boiling, steam |
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Antisepsis
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destruction of vegetative pathogens on living tissue
use of chemicals (alcohol) |
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Degerming
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removal of microbes from a limited area
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Sanitization
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treatment to lower microbial counts on eating and drinking utensils
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Physical methods of control
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heat (moist heat, pasteurization, dry heat), filtration, low temps., high pressure, desiccation (absence of water), osmotic pressure, radiation
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Chemical methods of control
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phenols/phenolics, biguanides, halogens, alcohols
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Phenols
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carbolic acid, rarely used as it irritates the skin
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Phenolics
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chemically altered phenol, injure lipid containing plasma membrane causing leakage
used for disinfecting pus, saliva, feces |
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Biguanides
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used for control on skin and mucous membranes
injures plasma membrane |
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Halogens
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iodine, chlorine
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Tincture
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solution in aqueous alcohol
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Alcohols
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kill bacteria and fungi but not endospores and nonenveloped viruses
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Surface-Active Agents
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surfactants, decrease tension among molecules of a liquid
soaps, detergents |
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Quaternary Ammonium Compounds (Quats)
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most widely used surface-active agents, positively charged,
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Aldehydes
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formaldehyde, form covalent cross links
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Peroxygens
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hydrogen peroxide, oxidizes cellular components
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Genotype
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info that codes for characteristics
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Phenotype
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actual, expressed properties
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DNA polymerase
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enzyme that synthesizes DNA by copying template
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Semiconservative replication
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new double DNA strand has one original DNA strand from parent
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DNA replication
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1. DNA is unwound and stabilized, replication fork forms
2. one new DNA strand is synthesized continuously as DNA polymerase moves toward replication fork 3. RNA primer starts synthesis on 3' end 4. DNA polymerase removes RNA primer 5. DNA ligase joins newly made DNA fragments |
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Transcription
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symthesis of complementary strand of RNA from DNA template
1. RNA polymerase binds to one strand of DNA 2. RNA polymerase assemles free nucleotides into new chain, base pairing 3. RNA polymerase continues along DNA 4. RNA synthesis continues until reaches terminator 5. RNA polymerase and mRNA released from DNA |
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Translation
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protein synthesis
tRNA travels along codons to assemble amino acids into polypeptide chain, continues until 3 nonsense codons are reached |
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Repression
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inhibits gene expression and decreases synthesis of enzymes
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Induction
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turns on trascription of gene
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Mutation
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change in base sequence of DNA
spontaneous and random, |
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Types of Mutations
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Base insertions, deletions or substitutions
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Cause of Mutations
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chemicals, ionizing radiation, UV radiation
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Genetic recombination
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exchange of genes between two DNA molecules to form new combinations of genes on a chromosome
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Transformation
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genes are transferred from one bacterium to another as "naked" DNA in solution- direct uptake
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Conjugation
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new DNA obtained via conjugation tube (sex pilus), from another cell, often involves plasmids
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Transduction
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bacterial DNA is transferred from a donor cell to a recipient cell inside a virus (bacteriophage)
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Transposons
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small segments of DNA that can move from one region of a DNA molecule to another
can have antibiotic resistance |
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Recombinant DNA procedure
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1. Gene of interest is inserted into vector DNA
2. Vector is taken up by a cell where it multiplies 3. Cell is grown to form a clone 4. From clone gene of interest is harvested and can be inserted into another vector 5. If gene is expressed its protein product can be harvested and used |
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Restriction Enzymes
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DNA cutting enzymes that exist in many bacteria
recognizes and cuts only one particular sequence of nucleotide bases, cuts sequence in the same way each time |
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Restriction enzymes action
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1. base sequences are the same but run in opposite directions
2. staggered cuts leave single-stranded DNA at ends (sticky ends) 3. two fragments of DNA from different sources with same sticky ends they can be spliced 4. sticky ends first by hydrogen bonding 5. DNA ligase used to covalently link DNA |
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Polymerase Chain reaction
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technique where small samples of DNA can be quickly amplified for analysis
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PCR process
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1. each strand of target DNA serves as a template
2. four nucleotides and DNA polymerase, short pieces of nucleic acid (primers) are also added (complementary to ends of target DNA) 3. Hybridize to fragments to be amplified 4. polymerase synthesizes new complementary strands 5. DNA is heated to convert all new to single strands for a new template |
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Colony hybridization
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identifying cells that carry cloned gene, DNA probes are synthesized, DNA probe is labeled with a radioactive element so its presence can be determined
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Southern blotting
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human DNA is filtered and exposed to a radioactive probe for gene of interest, fragments are then separated through the gel
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Three Domains
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Eukarya
Bacteria Archaea |
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Taxonomic Hierarchy
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Domain
Kingdome Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species |
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Serology
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science that studies blood serum and immune responses that are evident in serum
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Methods used for classification
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morphological characteristics
differentail staining biochemical tests serology phage typing fatty acid profiles flow cytometry DNA base composition DNA fingerprinting ribosomal RNA sequencing polymerase chain reaction nucleic acid hybridization |
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Dichotomous keys
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identification method based on successive questions each with two possible answers
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Cladograms
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maps that show evolutionary relationships among organisms
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Fungi
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Eukaryotic, vegetative structures, hyphae (long rows of cells), can reproduce sexually or asexually, heterotrophic, mainly aerobic, antibiotics not effective
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Superficial Mycoses
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Ringworm, spreads out in all directions, causes hypersensitive immune reactions, red rings
Tinea capitis- ringworm of scalp Tinea pedis- ringworm of feet |
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Systemic Mycoses
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fungal infection within the body, enter through respiratory tract, id is difficult
more prevalent because of AIDS, drug treatment |
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Protozoa
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kingdom- protista
reproduction is sexual or asexual can form protective cyst aerobic heterotrophs |
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Trypanosomes
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African Sleeping Sickness
transmitted via tsetse fly affects CNS |
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Giardia lamblia
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Giardiasis
intestinal infection "travelers diarrhea" |
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Trichomonas vaginalis
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Trichomoniasis
STD |
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Flagellates
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move via flagella
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Amoebas
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move via pseudopodia
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Entamoeba histolytica
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Amoebiasis
infect large intestine amoebic dysentery diagnosed by examining fresh stool |
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Ciliophora
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Paramecium
move via cilia no serious pathogens |
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Apicomplexa
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all parasites
lack locomotor structures all are disease causing |
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Plasmodium
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Malaria
sickle cell disease offers some resistance |
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Viruses
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Composed of DNA or RNA, protein coat, sometimes an envelope
intracellular parasites |
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Bacteriophages
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lytic cycle- new virus production, cell lyses
lysogenic- prophage state, viral DNA integrates with host DNA and becomes lytic later |
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Steps of Virus infection
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1. Attachment- receptor on cell/virus
2. Penetration, uncoating 3. Replication of genome 4. mRNA, protein synthesis 5. maturation and release by budding |
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Catalase test
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place hydrogren peroxide on sample- if small bubbles form organism is catalyst positive-is able to produce a catalase (enzyme) to detoxify hydrogen peroxide- aerobic
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Oxidase Test
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identifies the presence of cytochrome oxidase in aerobic electron transport chain
shows is organism is anaerobic |
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Nitrate Reduction test
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identifies is bacteria can transfer electrons to nitrate at the end of an electron transport chain- anaerobic
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SIM medium
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combination medium- used to test multiple properties
tests for sulfur reduction, indole production and motility differentiates Salmonella and Shigella |
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UV radiation
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UV did not inhibit growth of cells, bacteria was able to develop mutation
UV light was not able to penetrate the paper to stimulate cells to grow |
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Fluorescence test
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If bacteria can grow on ampicillin plate and fluoresce it is transformed and contains the plasmid
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Action of disinfectants
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measure the space between paper soaked in disinfectant to see how effective it is against P. aeuroginosa
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