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28 Cards in this Set
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Hypersensitivity
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- Refers to an antigenic response beyond that which is considered normal - Occur in individuals who have been sensitized by previous exposure to an antigen, and a second exposure causes the immune system to react in a damage manner |
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Anaphylactic Cytotoxic Immune Complex Cell-mediated |
4 Types of Hypersensitivity Reactions
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Hygiene Hypothesis
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- Suggests that limiting childhood exposure to bacteria and parasites may lower immune tolerance and the body's ability to cope with harmless antigens such as food and pollen
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Anaphylaxis - Hay fever, asthma |
- Inclusive term for the reactions caused when certain antigens combine with IgE antibodies causing release of histamine and other mediators by mast cells or basophils - Increases permeability of blood capillaries, caused prolonged contraction of smooth muscles, increases mucus secretion Examples (2) |
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Systemic Anaphylaxis
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- Produces shock and breathing difficulties and are sometimes fatal from vasodilation dropping blood pressure, may result in circulatory collapse and death - Usually by injection of antigens - Treated with epinephrine |
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Localized Anaphylaxis
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- Antigens are usually ingested or inhaled to cause allergic conditions - Symptoms depend on route of entry Ex: Hives, hay fever, asthma |
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Type II Cytotoxic Reactions
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- Generally involve the activation of complement by the combination of antibodies with an antigenic cell which stimulates cell lysis or attracts macrophages - Directed against antigens located on cell or tissue surfaces Ex: ABO blood group system and RH factor |
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Type III Immunocomplex Reactions
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- Involve antibodies against soluble antigens circulating in the serum - Its complex is deposited in organs and lodge in basement membrane beneath the cells and cause inflammatory damage by activating complement Ex: Glomerulonephritis |
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Type IV Delayed Cell Mediated Reactions
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- Caused mainly by T cells and are not apparent for a day or more - The delay is caused by the participating T cells and macrophages migrating to and accumulating near the foreign antigens Ex: Allergic contact dermatitis, poison ivy, cosmetics, metals and latex |
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Immunodeficiency
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- Absence of a sufficient immune response - Can be either congenital or acquired |
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Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
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- Virus destroys CD4 Cytotoxic T Cells - Allows cancer and bacterial, viral, fungal and protozoan diseases - Caused by HIV infection |
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Wheal
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- To prevent anaphylactic reactions, antigens are inoculated beneath the epidermis to test for a rapid inflammatory reaction
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Desensitization
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- Increasing dosages of antigen injected beneath the skin
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Glomerulonephritis
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Inflammatory damage to the kidney glomeruli due to immune complexes as a result of infection
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Measles Virus |
- Enveloped, RNA virus of the genus Morbillivirus - Transmitted by the respiratory route - Cold like symptoms, macular rash - Koplik's spots: Red spots on oral mucosa opposite molars - Encephalitis in 1/1000 cases |
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Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis |
- Rare; occurs 1-10 years after measles recovery - Neurological symptoms resulting in death after a few years - Mild mental deterioration (memory loss); changes in behavior (irritability) followed by disturbances in motor function - Seizures, blindness - Advanced Stages: Cannot walk, muscles stiffen or spasm, deterioration to a comatose then persistent vegetative state - Death results from fever, heart failure, or brain's inability to continue controlling ANS |
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Measles |
- Extremely contagious (Infectious before symptoms appear) - Infected will transmit over 90% to unprotected close contacts - Prevention with MMR vaccine but children under 1 year cannot receive, and 95% effective; so there are cases where people do not develop or retain good immunity - No animal reservoir |
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Pre-vaccinated |
Measles is particular hazardous to infants who have more severe complications, or whom have vaccinated mothers. ______________ mothers and her antibodies protect infants. Ex: Otitis media and pneumonia |
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- High fever - Cold-like symptoms - Conjunctivitis - Typical rash (face-neck-trunk-extremities) |
4 Symptoms of Measles 5-7 days after exposure infection by airborne droplets replicates in conducting zone, infection spreads from blood to skin and eye and the respiratory tract. |
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Malnutrition Vitamin A |
Most people recover from measles without lasting effects, but severe forms with skin and mucosa bleeding may occur. Persons with __________ especially _____________ __ deficiency, or with severe immunological disorders such as advanced HIV are at increased risk of developing severe/fatal measles. |
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Salmonella typhimerium (G-) |
Bacteria associated with invasins "ruffling" membrane and endotoxin lipid A
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Streptococcus Pyrogenes Neisseria gonorrhoeae Mycolic Acid |
- Bacteria known to have M Protein in cell wall to resist phagocytosis - One that is known to have Opa protein to help with adherence - Cell wall component to resist digestion |
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Streptococcus pneumoniae Haemophilus influenzae |
- Capsulated bacteria that causes pneumonia - Capsulated bacteria that causes penumonia and meningitis |
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Clostridium botulinum and tetanus Diphtheria |
- Secretes Exotoxins (2) - Secretes A-B Exotoxin |
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Shigella Listeria |
2 Bactera known with the ability to rearrange cytoskeletal actin filaments of the host cells to permeate their membrane |
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Allergic Contact Dermatitis
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- Common manifestation of delayed cell-mediated hypersensitivity, usually caused by haptens that combine with proteins in the skin of some people to produce an immune response Ex: Poison ivy, cosmetics, metals in jewelry |
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Autoimmune Disease |
- Damage to one's own organs due to action of the immune system - The reaction can be cytotoxix, immune complex or cell-mediated |
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Self-Tolerance |
- Immune system's ability to discriminate self from nonself - Learned by T cells when maturing in the thymus |
