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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Humoral Immunity
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- Immunity produced by antibodies dissolved in body fluids, mediated by B cells; also called antibody-mediated immunity - B cells remove viruses, bacteria and toxins from body tissue fluids and blood by recognizing antigens and making antibodies against them |
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Cytokine Storm
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- Overproduction of cytokines; can cause damage to the human body |
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- Stimulates more production of cytokines - Targets tumor cells (TNF) - Interferes with viral infections (IFNs) - Induces migration of leukocytes to infection (chemokines) - Communicators between leukocytes to control stem cell pathway among other things (interleukins) - Promote inflammatory response |
6 Functions of Cytokines
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Epitope
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- Also called antigenic determinants, a specific region on the surface of an antigen against which antibodies are formed; also called epitope
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Hapten
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- Antigens with a low molecular weight that is not recognized as antigenic unless it is attached to a carrier molecule or an antibody has been formed
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Clonal Expansion or proliferation
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- When a B cell's immunoglobulins (Ig = antibodies) bind to the epitope on the free floating extracellular antigens for which they become specific, they become activated - They undergo this after activation with the help of a T-helper cell |
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Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) - Class I - Class II |
- Collection of genes that encode molecules of genetically diverse glycoproteins (2 Types) - The type found on plasma membranes of mammalian nucleated cells that identify "self" prevent autoimmune disease - Molecules exist only on the surface of antigen-presenting molecules (APCs) |
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- Macrophages (Phagocyte) - Dendritic Cells (Phagocyte) - B-cell (Lymphocyte) |
3 Types of APCs
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- Agglutination - Opsonization - Neutralization - Antibody-dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity - Activation of Complement |
5 Results of Antigen-Antibody Binding
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Agglutination
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- Antibodies cause antigens to clump together - Aggregate cells into clumps that are more easily ingested by phagocytes |
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Opsonization
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Antigen is coated with antibodies or complment proteins that enhance its ingestion and lysis by phagocytic cells
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Antibody-dependent Cell-mediated Cytotoxicity
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- Resembles opsonization in that the target organism becomes coated with antibodies; however the target cell is destroyed by immune system cells that remain external to the target cell
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Neutralization
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- Inactivate microbes by blocking their attachment to host cells, and they neutralize toxins in a similar manner
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Microfold cells (M cells)
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- Scattered array of gateway cells that located over Peyer's patches right under the epithelial cell-layer of the gastrointestinal tract wall - Adapted to take up antigens from tract and allow transfer to lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells of immune system found throughout intestinal tract |
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- Clusters of differentiation (CD) - CD4 (T-helper) - CD8 (Cytotoxic) |
- T cells are classified by certain glycoproteins on their surface called _____________, membrane molecules that are especially important for adhesion to receptors - Those T cells which bind to MHC class II molecules on APCs - Those T cells which bind to MHC class I molecules on all cells |
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MHC I
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Natural Killer Cells are not immunologically specific, but can recognize abnormal _______________ proteins on cells or the lack of them on pathogens to decide its targets
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Amamnestic Response
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- Also called secondary response or memory response - Antibody-mediated immune responses of the host intensifies after a second exposure to an antigen - More rapid, peaking in only 2-7 days and lasts longer, with greater magnitude |
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- Infection - Antibodies from placenta, breast milke - Vaccinations - Antibodies - gammaglobulin serum injections |
Give an example of: Natural Acquired Immunity that is - Active - Passive Artificially Acquired Immunity that is - Active - Passive |
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T Cell Receptors
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- Proteins on the T Cell surface that contact with the antigen, become activated and causes secretion of cytokines among other things
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Antibody Titer
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- Relative amount of antibody in the serum - Reflects intensity of the humoral response - IgM first, then IgG |
