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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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three layers of the heart |
pericardium: outer fibrous layer myocardium: muscular layer endocardium: innermost layer that experiences inflammation |
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disease that is present throughout the whole body |
systemic disease |
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release of bacterial toxins into the blood |
toxemia |
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infection and inflammation of the lymphatic vessels |
lymphangitis |
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presence of any microbial infection of the blood that produces illness. used interchangeable with bateremia |
septicemia/bacteremia |
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pathogenesis and epidemiology of systemic diseases |
-septicemia is acquired by direct inoculation of microbes into the blood (medical procedures, intravenous drug use) |
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what is an endotoxin |
from gram negative bacteria cell walls (Lipid A of LPS); pyrogen |
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endotoxin triggers coagulation |
Platelet activating factor |
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endotoxin causes tissue damage |
tumor necrosis factor |
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induce fever, allow plasma to escape the vascular system and reduce blood pressure, resulting in shock |
interleukins |
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symptoms of septicemia |
-fever, chills, tachycardia, malaise, feeling of impending doom -petechiae: hemorrhagic skin lesions -osteomyelitis: inflammation of bone and bone marrow |
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treatment of septicemia |
requires prompt identification and administration of antimicrobial drugs |
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prevention of septicemia |
immediate treatment of infections, especially in those with compromised immune systems |
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symptoms of endocarditis |
-fever -malaise -tachycardia |
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causative agents of endocarditis |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa E. coli viridans streptococci |
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pathogenesis and epidemiology of endocarditis |
-patients usually have an obvious source of infection -pateints with abnormal heart structure (Mitral valve prolapse) have increased risk |
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diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of endocarditis |
-treat with intravenous antibacterial drugs -high-risk patients can be given prophylactic antibiotics when needed |
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masses of platelets, clotting proteins that hide bacteria from defensive cells, antibodies, and antimicrobial drugs |
vegetations |
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causative agent of tularemia |
Francisella tularensis -aerobic, gram negative |
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transmission of tularemia (4) |
-zoonotic disease: disease found in humans that is transmissible to humans -bite of an infected blood-sucking insect (tick) -skin contact with infected animals -inhalation of contaminated dust/aerosols |
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symptoms of tulaermia |
-skin lesions within 5 days of infection at site where bacterium entered -pus-filled lymph nodes -fever, chills, myalgia (muscle pain) |
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pathogenicity of tularemia |
bacterium survives in phagocytes by inhibiting the fusion of lysosome with phagosome |
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treatment of tularemia |
streptomycin or tetracycline |
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prevention of tularemia |
avoid reservoirs of Franciscella -rabbits, muskrats, ticks -wear protective clothing -insect repellant -taxidermists are particularly at risk |
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causative agent of plague |
Yersinia pestis -gram negative rod |
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treatment of Yersinia pestis (plague) |
antiobiotocs (tetracycline, streptomycin) |
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prevention of Yersinia pestis (plague) |
vaccine: dead Y. pesitis for folks in high-risk professions (forest rangers, health-care workers) |
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transmission of Yersinia pestis (plague) (3) |
-insects vector: Xenopsylla cheopsis (rat fleas), from bites -animal vectors: wild rodents (cause sylvatic plague) -human-to-human through airborne droplets (pneumonic plague) |
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swollen and hemorrhaging lymph node hemorrhaging on skin resulting in dark purplish spots |
bubo rosies |
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what causes the black plague? |
-rat flea has a blood meal from an animal with the bacteria, then the flea bites the human. -once it gets inside human, causes secondary gangrenous infection |
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pathogenicity/virulence factors of plague (3) |
-bacteria multiply in the blood stream and localize in lymph nodes -adhesins for attachment -type III secretion system: inject antiphagocytic toxins which trigger apoptosis in WBCs |
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symptoms of plague (2) |
-buboes -rosies |
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causative agent for Lyme disease |
Borrelia burgdorferi -gram negative, microaerophilic spirochete |
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prevention of lyme disease (3) |
-protective clothing -remove ticks -antiseptic |
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vaccines for lyme disease |
-LymeVax for dogs -Lymerix for humans discontinued |
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transmission of lyme disease |
biological vector: ticks with Ixodes genus (deer tick and woodrat tick) -animal host leaves tick on tall grass -human host picks up tick by walking through grass -tick penetrates skin -tick eats blood, leaving behind bacteria |
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mechanism of Borrelia burgdorferi |
uses manganese in ETC to bypass normal human defense of sequestering iron |
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symptoms of lyme disease (3 stages) |
-Early localized (10 days): Erythema chronicum migrans (doesn't itch), flu like symptoms
-early disseminated (weeks to months): Skin multiple, smaller ECMs, meningitis, palsy,peripheral nerve disorders, irregular heartbeats, joint pain -late chronic (weeks to years later): chronic and sever arthritis, mortality rate not high |
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treatment of lyme disease |
penicillin or doxycycline best at early localized stage |
