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85 Cards in this Set
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Pathology
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- Term referring to the scientific study of a disease - Structural and functional changes brought about the disease and their effects on the body - Fist concerned with the cause (etiology) and second its development (pathogenesis), third the structural and functional changes brought about |
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Etiology
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- Term referring to the cause of a disease
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Pathogenesis
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- Term referring to the development of a disease |
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Infection
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- Referring to the invasion or colonization of the body by pathogens
- May exist in the absence of a detectable disease Ex: AIDS |
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Disease
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- Occurs when an infection results in any change from a state of health
- An abnormal state in which the body is incapable of performing normal functions |
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- Transient - Normal |
- ____________ Microbiota may be present for days, weeks or months (Short periods) - ____________ Microbiota permanently colonize the host in certain regions and do not cause disease under normal conditions. Some are opportunistic pathogens. |
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Human Microbiome Project
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- Project that analyzes relationships between microbial communities on the body and human health
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- Nutrients - Physical and Chemical Factors (Temperature, pH, O2 & CO2, salinity, sunlight) - Host Defenses - Mechanical factors (Saliva, urine, chewing) |
The distribution and composition of normal microbiota are determined by these 4 factors
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Microbial antagonism (Competitive Exclusion)
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- Competition between microbes, natural flora is "fighting the fight" for the body Ex: Normal microbiota protect the host by competing for nutrients, producing substances harmful to invading microbes, affecting pH and available oxygen; probiotics help, antibiotics may backfire by destroying natural flora |
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- Infection: Colonization - Pathogen residing in or on you Disease: Abnormal State - Pathogen is actually affecting the body |
Difference between infection and disease?
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- Competing for nutrients - Producing substances harmful to invading microbes - Affecting pH and available oxygen |
3 ways Normal Microbiota protect the Host
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Symbiosis
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- Relationship between normal microbiota and the host
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Commensalism
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- When one organism benefits, and the other is unaffected
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Mutualism
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- When both organisms benefit from the relationship (microbe and host)
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Parasitism
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- When one organism benefits at the expense of the other (microbe and host)
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- Same pathogen must be present in every disease case - Pathogen must be isolated from diseased host and grown in pure culture - Pathogen from pure culture must cause the disease when inoculated into healthy animal - Pathogen must be isolated from the inoculated animal and must be shown to original organism |
Koch's Postulates (4)
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Koch's Postulates
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- Used to prove the cause of an infectious disease - Exceptions: 1. Some pathogens can cause several disease conditions 2. Some pathogens cause disease only in humans 3. Some microbes have never been cultured |
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1. Some pathogens can cause several disease conditions 2. Some pathogens cause disease only in humans 3. Some microbes have never been cultured |
3 Exceptions to Koch's Postulates
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Symptoms
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- Referring to changes in body function that are felt by a patient as a result of a disease
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Signs
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- Referring to changes in a body that can be measured or observed as a result of disease
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Syndrome
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- Referring to when a specific group of signs and symptoms that accompany a disease
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Communicable disease
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- Type of disease that is spread from one host to another Ex: Chickenpox, measles, flu, tuberculosis |
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Contagious disease
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- Type of disease that can be easily and rapidly spread from one host to another Ex: Chickenpox, measles |
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Noncommunicable disease Tetanus |
- Referring to when a disease is not spread from one host to another, usually caused by organisms that inhabit the body or microorganisms that reside outside the body - Give example |
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Incidence
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- Number of people who develop a disease during a particular time period
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Prevalence
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- Referring to the number of people who develop a disease at a specified time, regardless of when it first appeared - HOW LONG AND SERIOUS? - Takes into account both old and new cases - Indicator of how long and how seriously a disease affects a population - Ex: Incidence of AIDS in 2012 was 55400 while ___________ was 117000 |
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Sporadic disease Typhoid Fever |
- Referring to a disease that only occurs occasionly Give example |
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Endemic disease Common cold |
- Disease constantly present in a population Give example |
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Epidemic disease Ebola |
- Disease acquired by many people in a given area in a short time Give example |
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Pandemic Disease
H1N1 Avian Flu |
- Disease referring to a worldwide epidemic Give example |
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Acute Disease
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- Severity and duration of disease when symptoms develop rapidly, but the disease lasts only a short time
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Chronic Disease |
- Disease when the symptoms develop slowly
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Subacute disease
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- When the disease is considering intermediate between acute and chronic
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Latent disease
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- Disease where the causative agent is inactive for a time but then activates and produces symptoms
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Herd immunity
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Referring to when immunity is in most of a population
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Primary Infection
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- When the acute infection causes the initial illness
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Secondary Infection
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- When there is an opportunistic infection after a primary (predisposing) affection
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Subclinical disease
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- When the disease and has no noticeable signs or symptoms (inapparent infection)
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Local Infection
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- When the pathogens are limited to small area of the body
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Systemic (Generalized) infection
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- Referring to an infection throughout the body
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Focal infection
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- Referring to a systemic infection that begains as a local infection
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Sepsis
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- Toxic inflammatory condition arising from the spread of microbes, especially bacteria or their toxins, from a focus of infection
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- Bacteremia - Toxemia - Viremia - Septicemia |
- Term referring to bacteria in the blood - Toxins in the blood - Viruses in the blod - Also known as blood poisoning; growth of bacteria in the blood, and keep growing |
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- Gender - Inherited traits (Ex: Sickle Cell Gene) - Climate and weather - Fatigue - Age - Lifestyle - Nutrition - Chemotherapy |
These factors make the body more susceptible to disease (8) FANCCI LG |
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Incubation Period
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- Interval between initial infection and first signs and symptoms - Number of microbes are low |
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Prodromal period |
- Short period after incubation when there are early, mild systems - Number of microbes are low |
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- Period of illness - Period of decline - Period of convalescence |
- The development of disease when the disease is most severe - The development of disease when signs and symptoms start to subside - The period when the body returns to its prediseased state |
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- Humans: Carriers may have inapparent or latent diseases - Animals: Zoonoses - Non-living: Soil & water |
3 Continual sources/Reservoirs of Infection and Examples
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Zoonoses
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- Referring to the type of diseases transmitted from animals to humans
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- Direct contact transmission - Indirect contact transmission - Droplet transmission |
3 Types of Contact Transmission
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Direct Contact Transmission Indirect Contract Transmission Droplet Transmission |
These describe? - Requires close association between infected and susceptible host - Spreads to a host by a nonliving object called a fomite - Transmission via airborne droplets less than 1 meter |
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Fomite
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- Nonliving object that spreads infections to a host by indirect contact transmission
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- Waterborne: Cholera - Foodborne: Listeriosis - Airborne: When traveling more than 1 m from the host - tuberculosis |
3 Types of Vehicle Transmission (By Inanimate Reservoir) and their examples
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Vectors
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- Arthropods, especially fleas, ticks and mosquitoes that transmit disease by mechanical or biological transmission
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- Mechanical Transmission - Biological Transmission |
These describes what? - Transmission where arthropod carries pathogen on its feet - Transmission where pathogen reproduces in the vector; transmitted via bites or feces |
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Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs)
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- Acquired while receiving treatment in a health care facility, also known as nosocomial infections - Affect 1/25 hospital patients; 2 million per year infects; 20,000 deaths - It can results from microorganisms in the hospital environment, weakened status of the host, or chain of transmission in a hospital |
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- Microorganisms - Weakened host - Chain of transmission |
3 Factors that results in Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs)
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Compromised Host
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- Individual whose resistance to infection is impaired by disease, therapy or burns
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- Handwashing (40% of the time) - Disinfecting bath tubs - Cleaning instruments scrupulously - Using disposable bandages and intubation |
4 Ways to Reduce the Number of Pathogens to control Healthcare-Associated Infections
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1. Reduce number of pathogens 2. Infection control committees |
2 Controls for Healthcare-Associated Infections
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Emerging Infectious Diseases Zika |
- Diseases that are new, increasing in incidence, or showing a potential to increase in the near future - Most are zoonotic, of viral origin, and likely to be vector-borne Give example |
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- Public health failure - Evolution of new strains - Animal control measures - Modern transportation - Changes in weather patterns - Widespread use of antibiotics and pesticides leading to resistant strains - Genetic recombination - Ecological disaster, war and expanding human settlement |
8 Contributing factors to Emerging Infectious Diseases HEAT WAGE |
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Genetic Recombination
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Escherichia coli O157 and avian influenza (H5N1) is an example of this contributing factor of Emerging Infectious Diseases
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Evolution of new strains
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Vibrio cholerae O139 is an example of this contributing factor of Emerging Infectious Diseases
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Changes in Weather Patterns
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Hantavirus is an example of this contributing factor of Emerging Infectious Diseases
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Modern Transportation
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Chikungunya and West Nile virus are examples of this contributing factor of Emerging Infectious Diseases
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Ecological disaster, war, and expanding human settlement
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Coccidioidomycosis is an example of this contributing factor of Emerging Infectious Diseases
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Animal control measures
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Lyme disease is an example of this contributing factor of Emerging Infectious Diseases
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Public Health Failure
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Diphtheria is an example of this contributing factor of Emerging Infectious Diseases
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Epidemiology
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- The study of where and when diseases occur and how they are transmitted in populations - Scientists studying these determine etiology (cause) of a disease, identify other important factors concerning the spread of disease, develop methods for control, assemble data and graphs to outline incidence of disease |
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Descriptive Epidemiology -Snow: Mapped the occurrence of cholera in London |
- Collection and analysis of data for the study of where and when diseases occur and how they are transmitted in populations - Give example |
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Analytical epidemiology - Ex: Nightingale - Showed that improved sanitation decreased the incidence of epidemic typhus |
- Analyzes a particular disease to determine its probably cause - Give example |
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Experimental epidemiology - Ex: Semmelweis - Showed that handwashing decreased the incidence of puerperal sepsis |
- Involves a hypothesis and controlled experiments for the study of a disease - Give example |
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
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- Institutions that collects and analyzes epidemiological information in the United States - Published MMWR (Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report) |
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Morbidity
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- Describes incidence of a specific notifiable disease
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Mortality
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- Describes the number of deaths from notifiable diseases
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Notifiable Infectious Diseases
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Diseases in which physicians are required to report occurrence |
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Morbidity Rate Mortality Rate |
These describes what 2 Rates? - Number of people affected in relation to the total population in a given time period - Number of deaths from a disease in relation to the population in a given time |
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Nationally Notifiable Diseases
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Ex: Anthrax, Botulism, Chlamydia, Cholera, Coccidioidomycosis, Diphtheria, Gonorrhea, Haemophilus influenza, Leprosy, Hantavirus, Hepatitis ABC, HIV, Influenza associated pediatric mortality, Legionellosis, Listeriosis, Lyme disease, Malaria, Measles, Meningcoccal disease, Mumps, Plague, Poliomyelitis, Q fever, Rabies, Rubella, Salmonellosis, Severe acute respiratory syndrome, Shiga toxin- E. coli, Smallpox, Rickettsiosis, Syphilis, Tetanus, Toxic Shock Syndrome, Tuberculosis, Typhoid fever, Fibriosis, Viral hemorrhagic fever, Yellow fever
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Skin |
- Secretions from sweat and oil glands have antimicrobial properties, keratin is a resistant barrier, low pH inhibits many microbes, and there is relatively low moisture content - Propionibacterium, Staphylococcus, Corynebacterium, Micrococcus, Acinetobacter, Candida (fungus) however, are examples of microbes inhabiting this region |
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Eyes (Conjunctiva) |
- The mucous membrane of this region basically contains the same microbiota found on the skin - Tears and blinking also eliminate/inhibits some microbes from colonizing - Staphylococcus epidermidis & aureus, diptheroids, Propionibacterium, Corynebacterium, Streptococci and Micrococcus are examples of microbes inhabiting this region |
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Upper Respiratory System (Nose/Throat) |
- Some normal microbiota that are opportunistic pathogens are inhibited by nasal secretions, mucus and ciliary action - Staphylococcus epidermidis & aureus, diphtheroids, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus, Neisseria are examples of microbes in this region |
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Mouth |
- Abundant moisture, warmth, food supports very large and diverse microbe population - Mechanical digestion and salivary flow dislodge microbes, and saliva contains antimicrobial substances - Streptococcus, Lactobacillus, Actinomyces, Bacteroides, Veillonella, Neisseria, Haemophilus, Fusobacterium, Treponema, Staphylococcus, Corynebacterium, Candida (fungus) are examples of microbes in this region |
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Large Intestine |
- Contains largest numbers of resident microbiota because of available moisture and nutrents - Mucus and periodic shedding prevents attachment, antimicrobial chemicals, diarrhea - Escherichia coli, Bacteroides, Fusobacterium, Lactobacillus, Enterococcus, Bifidobacterium, Enterobacter, Citrobacter, Proteus, Klebsiella, Candida (fungus) are examples of microbes inhabiting this region |
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Urinary and Reproductive Regions |
- Resident population in lower urethra; vagina contains acid-tolerant population - Mucus and periodic shedding prevents attachment; mechanical flow of urine and its pH attribute to antimicrobial properties; cilia and mucus expels from cervix to vagina to its acidity inhibits/ills microbes - Staphylococcus, Micrococcus, Enterococcus, Lactobacillus, Bacteroides, diphtheroids, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Proteus, Streptococcus Clostridium, Candida (fungus), Trichomonas (protist) are examples of microbes in this region |
