Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Bacterial transformation
|
- Dr. Fred Griffith
- Streptococcus pneumoniae found that certain strains caused pneumonia in people - in mice, the capusle form did and the slimy form did not - found that heat killed the capsules and the clime ones would pick up the dead stuff and create their own capsules |
|
|
Shapes of bacteria
|
- Coccus
- Rods - Spirillum |
|
|
Spore and Sporulation
|
- cells in vegetative state when environment is good
- sporulation cycle forms the endospores- inside the cell that contains all the genetic material, everything vital to the cell, when enviornment is bad |
|
|
Binary Fission
|
- exact replication of DNA
- building septum cell wall moving across cell - replicating and dividing organelles |
|
|
Conjugation
|
- Prokaryotic "sex"
- Plasmid transferred by "sex pilus" - Plasmids located in cytoplasm - pilus forms and connects with another bacteria to pass the plasmid |
|
|
Plasmid DNA
|
- carries the ability to code for sex pilus
|
|
|
microbial growth
|
- growth, increase in number of cells within a population
- single species - binary fission- clonal replication process |
|
|
generation time
|
- time to double a population in number
- E.Coli- can double their population in 20 minutes - Mycobacterium tuberculosis- at least 12 to 72 hours - M. Leprae minimum of 10 days |
|
|
exponential growth
|
- Nf- number of cells in a population at any given time
- Ni- original # of cells in population - N - # divisions cells have undergone during that time Nf= Ni x 2^n |
|
|
example: 10 cells in potato salad, generation time is 20 minutes, how many cells are there in 1 hour?
|
- 10 cells in potato salad, generation time 20 minutes
- how many cells after 1 hour? - if generation time is 20 minutes than 3 generation times in 1 hour (n =3) - Nf = 10 x 2^ 3= NF= 80 cells |
|
|
After 4 Hours
|
Nf= 10 x 2^12
Nf= 40,960 cells after 4 hours 1 hr 3 periods, 4 x 3= 12 |
|
|
Toxins
|
- toxins released by the bacteria are what makes you sick
- staphylococcus aureous dies in the stomach but the toxins released while they replicate make you sick |
|
|
Bacterial Growth Curve
|
- closed/batch system vs. open system/continuous culture
- 4 phases - Lago phase - Exponential/log phase - stationary phase - death phase |
|
|
Closed/batch system
|
- nothing new goes in or out
|
|
|
Open system/ Continuous culture
|
- new things go in and wastes come out
|
|
|
Lag Phase
|
- no competition for space, no metabolic by product buildup
- initial microorganisms getting adjusted, increasing in size, synthesizing proteins etc |
|
|
Exponential/ Log phase
|
- very little holding them back, rapid doubling
- lots of space, nutrients - bacteria builds up wastes |
|
|
Stationary Phase
|
- primary/secondary
- in closed system: equal number of cells produced and dying |
|
|
Death Phase
|
- few new individuals produced and more are dying because of decrease in resources and increase of biproducts
|
|
|
eukaryotic cell strucuture
|
- boundary of cell
- external - internal |
|
|
Boundary of cell
|
- cell wall- plants and fungi- composed of cellulose
- cytoplasmic membrane- regulates what gets in and out of cell |
|
|
external
|
- appendages- locomotive
- Glycocalyx |
|
|
Appendages
|
- Flagella
- Cilia |
|
|
Flagella
|
- whip like motion
|
|
|
Cilia
|
- more in unicellular organisms like paramecium
- used for locomotion - found in Sessile organisms- stationary and anchored, cilia used to bring in nutrients |
|
|
Glycocalyx
|
- different in composition
- capsules - slimy |
|
|
Internal
|
- organelles
|
|
|
Organelles
|
- have specific functions
- Endoplasmic reticulum and Ribosomes |
|
|
Giardia lamblia
|
-use flagella to swim against current of small intestine
- vegetative bacteria- creates a cyst form to pass through large intestine |
|
|
Oxytrichla -
|
- Peritrichous arrangement of flagella, all around the cell
|
|
|
Balantadium Coli
|
- cilliate and is a parasite
|
|
|
Paramecium
|
- cilliated organism but not a parasite
|
|
|
Organelles
|
- nucleus
- ribosomes - rough ER - Mitochondrion - Microfilaments, microtubules |
|
|
Nucleus
|
- contains nucleolus which makes ribosomes
- contains the DNA - synthesis messenger transcript - mRNA leaves nucleus to go to ribosomes |
|
|
Ribosomes
|
- are free in the cytoplasm or on the endoplasmic reticulum
- factory of Ribosomes (ER) |
|
|
Rough ER
|
- surrounds the nucleus of the cell for functionality purposes
- proteins are assembled and sent to the golgi apparatus |
|
|
Golgi Apparatus
|
- packages proteins in vesicles and releases it out of the cell
|
|
|
Mitochondrion
|
- cellular respiration
- has its own DNA - invaginations- cristae - used to generate ATP - Electron Transport chains are embedded in the inner membrane - glycolysis happens in cytoplasm |
|
|
microfilaments, microtubules
|
- play a role in shape
- helps move things around the cell - moved thing around to make room for mitosis |
|
|
Kingdom Protista
|
- sub- kingdom protozoa
|
|
|
General characteristics of protists
|
1. primarily unicellular (some colonial)- least derived of eukaryotes, parasitic ones are usually unicellular
2. symmetry is variable- used in classification, oval, spherical, radial, bilaterial, truely parasitic organisms are usually bilateral 3. No germ layer- ( embryonic tissue layers ) - no tissues, have to be multicellular to have tissues 4. Specialized organelles- instead of organs 5. many styles represented- free living, commensalism, mutualism, parasitism 6. Locomotion- 7. Nutrition 8. habitat 9. reproduction |
|
|
commensalism
|
- "symbioses"
- host not affected ex: Entamoeba Coli- found in intestine but does not harm you. The microorganism benefits |
|
|
Mutualism
|
- both benefit
|
|
|
Parasitism
|
- host is harmed
- ex: hookworms- take blood from you and you become anemic |
|
|
Locomotion
|
- Pseudopodia (false feet)- "amoeboid movement" ex : Amoeba proteus, uses pseudopods to grab prety through phagocytosis and to move
- Flagella- Euglena gracillis- flagella is whip like motion to help propel them through environment - Cilia - Direct cell movements - Some sessile- ex: Vortcella, has cillia to generate currents to pull food in |
|
|
Nutrition
|
- Autotrophic- photosynthesis, generate glucose through sunlight
- heterotrophic- cannot make their own food, comes from external sources - Saprozoic (aka saprobic for bacteria)- decomposers - ingest/ uses nutrients dissolved in surrounding medium - can facilitate breakdown of nutrients from their environment - Bacillus- many are soil micro-organisms - produces amylase, breaks down starch |
|
|
Heterotrophic
|
- Naiglenrice flowleri
|
|
|
Habitat
|
- aquatic or terrestrial- not extreme cold or heat(tundra)
- free living or symbiotic |
|
|
symbiotic
|
- commensalism
- mutualistic - parasitic- usually adult stage of organism |
|
|
Reproduction
|
- asexual
- sexually |
|
|
asexual
|
- fission
- budding - sessile organism - colonial production |
|
|
Sexually
|
- conjugation, temporary joining to exchange genetic material
- genetic variability- necessary for a population |
|
|
Phylum- Pyrrophyta
|
- Dinoflagellates
- 2100 species - unicellular - mostly photosynthetic - two flagella |
|
|
Dinoflagellate boom
|
- red tide, produces toxins while they replicate and causes respiratory failure in marine mammals
- es: birds, fish - can collect in mollusks - paralyze human respiratory tract |
|
|
Pfiesteria
|
- carnivrious protists
- kill fish by feeding on them, creates sores and they die of infection |
|
|
Phylum- zoomastigophora
|
- "zooflagellates"
- heterotrophs - at least on flagellum, some have thousands ex: Giardia intestinalis - fresh water systems and streams, contaiminated drinking water - worldwide, affects people and animals - gastroinestinal infection |
|
|
Trypanosomidae
|
- extracelllar blood parasites
- spread by biting insections (tsetse fly) - sangviniory - takes a blood meal - african sleeping sickness (Trypanosoma brucei) - slows down blood flow to brain through encephalitis - Nagana- sleeping sickness for cattle |
|
|
Leishmaniasis
|
- vectored by an insect
- deep eroding lesions - Viseral Leishmanosis - stomach extension - changes disease ( Trypanosoma cruzi) |
|
|
Phylum- Rhizopoda
|
- many are parasitic
- amoeboids - Naigleria Fowleri- brain eating amoeba - Entamoeba histolytica- amoebic dysentery - trophozoite goes into cyst form- can have multiple nuclei - spread through food and water contamination - can spread to liver |
|
|
Phylum- Ciliophora
|
- ex: Paramecium
- Ex: Balantidium Coli |
|
|
Balantidium Coli
|
- in large intestine
- pigs, rats - injested then pasted - humans and other mammals - species specific strains - transmission- fecal contamination- food, water - causes dysentery - can be fatal |
|
|
Phylum- Apicomplexa
|
- 3900 species
- All parasitic - all non- motile - apical complex - plasmodium |
|
|
Plasmodium
|
- causes malaria in humans
- P. Malariae, P. Falciparum, P. Vivax, P. Ovale - mosquitoes transmit through its saliva - bites human, injects saliva- anticoagulate - plasmodium- injected along with saliva |
|
|
Phylum- Platyhelminthes
|
- flatworms
- means flat head - benefit of morphology - can squeeze through things - body plane more complex - tissue level of organization - everything geared toward reproduction - flatworms - hermaphrodite, has both sex organs, neither male nor female |
