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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does sepsis mean?
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Microbial contamination
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Asepsis meaning?
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Absence of contamination
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Sterilization meaning?
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Removal of microbial life
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Disinfectant meaning?
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Removal of pathogens
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Antisepsis meaning?
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Removal of pathogens from living tissue.
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What is bacteriostatic?
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Inhibits growth of bacteria
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What is bacteriolytic?
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Kills cells by membrane damage
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What is bacteriocydal?
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Kills bacteria but leaves cells behind
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What are the 7 methods of physical bacterial control?
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Moist heat, dry heat, filtration, cold, pressure, dessication and radiation.
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What temperature and for how long is required for moist heat to sterilize?
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121 degrees, 15 minutes
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What size filtration is required for filtering microorganisms (other than viruses)?
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0.22 and 0.4nm
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What size filtration is required for filtering viruses?
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0.01nm
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What does ionizing radiation do to microorganisms?
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DNA reacts to the radicals in water, creating mutations.
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How are Thymine dimers caused?
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Non-ionizing radiation causing bonds between thymine bases.
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What are the 5 methods of chemical control?
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Phenols, halogens, heavy metals, surfectants and alcohols.
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How do phenols affect microorganisms?
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They disrupt the cell membrane.
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How do halogens affect microorganisms?
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Impair protein synthesis
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How do alcohols affect microorganisms?
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Dissolve limps in cell wall, denaturation of proteins.
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What is oligodynamic action caused by?
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Trace amounts of heavy metals.
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Why are surfectants ineffective antimicrobials?
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They require mechanical removal of microorganisms.
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The agent used to reduce the number of bacteria on a toilet would be called a(n):
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Disinfectant
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What is selective toxicity?
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Where a drug targets bacteria without harming host cells.
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How long does it take to prescribe antimicrobials with directed therapy?
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48-72 hours.
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What are the 5 main targets for antibiotics?
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Bacterial cell wall, protein synthesis, nucleic acid replication, plasma membrane and metabolism synthesis.
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How does penicilin work?
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Through beta-lactams, targets G+'s to stop peptidoglycan synthesis.
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What does cephalosporin target?
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The cell wall of G-'s,
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Is the cell-wall targeting Carbopenems a broad or narrow range drug?
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Broad.
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How do glycopeptides work?
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They block the peptidoglycan chain.
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What are the 4 main drugs that target protein synthesis?
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Aminoglycans, Tetracyclins, Macrolides and chloramphenicol's.
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What drug inhibits polypeptide growth?
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Chloramphenicols
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What drug targets the binding of tRNA to the 70S protein?
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Tetracyclines.
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Aminoglycans target?
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mRNA readings.
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What are macrolides thought to do?
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Block the ribosomal tunnel.
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Sulfonamides, Trimethoprin, Quinolones and Fluoroquinelones all inhibit?
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Nucleic acid synthesis
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What two drugs inhibit cell membrane function?
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Polymyxins and Lipopeptides
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Trimethoprine inhibits...
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dihydrofolate reductase
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Polymyxins target gram ___ bacteria?
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negative
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What does an anti-fungal item target?
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Cell membrane synthesis and function
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Azoles and Polyenes are what kind of drug?
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Anti-Fungals
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Why are parasites hard to treat with anti-parasitic drugs?
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Because their cells are structurally similar to humans.
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How does an anti-retroviral drug work?
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Changes RNA to DNA allowing the viral reverse transcriptase and proteases to be targetd.
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What are 5 ways antibiotics can be resisted?
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Enzymes to destroy drug, Change in membrane permeability, drug efflex, alteration of binding sites and the use of alternate synthesis pathways.
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What do anti-influenze drugs target?
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Neuraminidase
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Are yeasts fermentative or oxidative?
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Both!
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What are the seven steps of beer brewing?
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Mashing, lautering, boiling, fermenting, conditioning, filtering and filling.
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Where is yeast found in lager fermentation?
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At the bottom
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What temperature is lager made at?
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8-12
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Which beer type is yeast found fermenting at the top of?
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Ale
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What temperature is ale made at?
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12-18
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What yeast is beer made from
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Saccharomyces carevisiae
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What temperature is beer yest stored at?
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0-5
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How do you increase gas production of bread yeast?
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More yeast, more nutrients and more sugar
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If you bake bread at 32 degrees, what will happen?
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Gas production will drop.
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Is lactic acid bacteria gram negative or positive?
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Positive
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What percent culture do you start with to make yogurt?
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2%
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What bacteria do you use to make yogurt?
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Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilis.
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What are some characteristics of probiotics?
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No immune reaction, no pathogenic, allergic or mutagenic reaction. They're genetically stable, and they proliferate at the active site.
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What is pathology?
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The cause, origin and nature of disease
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What is an infection?
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The presence of microorganisms as a population at an anatomical site
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What is a disease?
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Pathology as well as the activation of an immune response
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What are koch's postulates?
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1. Microorganism must be found in abundance of suffering things, but not healthy things.
2. Microorganism must be isolated and grown pure. 3. Cultured microorganism should cause disease when presented to healthy organism 4. Microorganism must be re-isolated and cultured, and identical to first one. |
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What is wrong with Koch's postulates?
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Some microorganisms can be found in healthy and diseased patients (cholera).
Viruses can invade and chill in healthy people with no symptoms. Nucliec acid-based detection can identify microbes in healthy humans showing no signs. |
