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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is difference between bactericidal vs bacteriostatic?
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Bactericidal: kills bacteria so dont need immune system.
Bacteriostatic: prevents bacterial replication, so keeps it static and allows immune system to kill it. |
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What is mechanism of action of penicillins and cephalosporins?
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Block cell wall synthesis by inhibition of peptidoglycan CROSS-LINKING.
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What is mechanism of action of bacitracin?
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Blocks peptidoglycan synthesis
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What is MOA of vancomycin?
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Blocks peptidoglycan synthesis
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What is MOA of cycloserine?
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Blocks peptidoglycan synthesis
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This drug disrupts bacterial AND fungal cell membranes.
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Polymyxins.
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This drug disrupts fungal cell membranes.
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Amphotericin B
Nystatin Fluconazole/Azoles |
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This drug blocks nucleotide synthesis
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Sulfonamides
TMP |
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This drug blocks DNA topoisomerases?
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Quinolones
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This drug blocks mRNA synthesis.
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Rifampin.
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This drug blocks synthesis at 50 S ribosomal subunit?
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Chloramphenicol
Erythromycin/Macrolides Lincomycin Clindamycin Streptogramins Linezolid. |
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What is drug that blocks protein synthesis at 30 S subunit?
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Aminoglycosides and tetracyclines.
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Which drugs are bactericidal?
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Aminoglycosides (only protein synthesis inhibitor with this function)
Fluoroquinolones Metronidazole. |
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What is Penicillin G?
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IV form
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What is penicillin V?
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Oral form.
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How are penicillins excreted?
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By the kidney, so a patient with renal failure the dose should be decreased.
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Which drugs can take care of anaerobes in the mouth, gut, and take care of Bacteroides?
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Azithromycin
Clindamycin (above diaphragm) |
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These drugs are used to treat H. influenzae, E. coli, Listeria, Proteus, and Serratus, and enterococci!
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ampicillin/Amoxicillin.
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What drug is used before dental procedueres for px at risk for bacterial endocarditis?
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Amoxicillin.
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What is amoxicillin/ampicillin used to treat?
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Sinusitis
Bronchitis Ear infections (otitis media) |
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This drug can cause pseudomembranous colitis.
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Ampicillin!
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This drug can cause rash and pseudomembranous colitis?
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Ampicillin (rash most likely in treatment patients with mononucleosis).
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These drugs are used to treat pseudomonas?
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1) Ticarcillin/clavulanic acid
2) Carbenicillin/clavulanic acid 3) Piperacillin/Clavulanic acid Takes Care of Pseudomonas. |
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What are the Beta-lactamase inhibitors?
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Clavulanic acid
Sulbactam Tazobactam. |
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What is MOA of clavulanic acid?
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Blocks beta lactamase at their catalytic sites. Cannto be used alone!!! Usually used with ampicillin and anti-pseudomonals.
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What is difference between cephalosporins and penicillins?
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Cephalosporins are LESS susceptible to penicillinases (Beta-lactamases).
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What is drug of choice for enterococci?
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Ampicillin.
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1st generation penicillin
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Cefazolin
Caphalexin Proteus, E. coli, Klebsiella |
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2nd generation penicillin
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HEN PEcKs
H. Influenza, Enterobacter, Proteus, E. coli, Klebsiella. |
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3rd generation penicillin?
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Tri to Tax Taz
Ceftriaxone Cefotaxime Ceftazidime |
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What is best penicillin to use for Pseudomonas?
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Ceftazidime!!
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What is best penicillin to use for gonorrhea?
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Ceftriaxone (but must combine with azithromycin! b/cc to cover Chlamydia as well).
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Whats best way to treat Listeria?
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Ampicillin/Penicillin!!
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what are the only penicillins that can attack Pseudomonas?
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Ceftazidime
Cefepime. |
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What is a 4th generation penicillin?
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Cefepime: treat penicillin.
Cefpiramide |
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What cephalosporins can be used to treat meningitis?
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3rd generation:
Ceftriaxone Cefotaxime Ceftazidime. Penetrate BBB!!!! |
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What are side effects of cephalosporins?
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5-10% have cross reactivity hypersensitivity.
Disulfuram like reaction with ethanol with those cephalosporins with methylthiotetrazole group. |
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This drug can cause gallstones?
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Ceftriaxone!!!
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This drug is monobactam resistant to beta-lactamases?
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Aztreonam.
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Aztreonam high yield facts:
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1) Beta-lactamase resistant
2) Only work vs aerobic gram (-) 3) Use in penicillin allergy px 4) Use in renal patients |
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This drug is a broad spectrum for serious polymicrobial infection with aerobic and anaerobic involved.
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Imipinem.
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What drug must imipinem be given with?
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Cilastatin: because this cilastatin inhibits renal dihydropeptidase I preventing inactivation in renal tubules.
BETA-LACTAMASE RESISTANT. |
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Important facts about imipinem?
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1) Beta-lactamase resistant
2) Polymicrobial infection use 3) must administer with cilastatin 4) Drug of choice for enterobacter!!! |
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Meropenem
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Like imipinem!!!
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Vancomycin high yield facts?
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1) Binds to D-ala D-ala preventing even formation of cell wall!!
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What is a main side effect of vancomycin?
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Can cause diffuse flushing: red man syndrome if infused too quickly.
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Which drugs are 30 S inhibitors?
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Amiglycosides (Gentamycin, Neomycin, Amikacin, Tobramycin, Streptomycin).
Tetracyclines (doxycycline, minocycline, tetracycline) |
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Which drugs are 50 S inhibitors?
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Chloramphenicol.
Erythromycin (Macrolides0 Lincomycin Clindamycin. |
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Of all the protein inhibitors, which one is bactericidal?
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Aminoglycosides!!!!!
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MOA of aminoglycosides
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1) Block initiation complex of 30S!!!
2) Bactericidal. 3) Require oxygen, so not good vs anerobic infection. |
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What organis is gentamicin not effective against?
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Anerobic.
Aminoglycosides require oxygen for uptake!!!! |
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What drug can be used for bowel surgery?
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Neomycin.
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What is the toxicity of gentamicin, amikacin?
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First: AMINOGLYCOSIDES
NEPHROTOXICITY!!!! OTOTOXICITY (ESPECIALLY WITH FUROSEMIDE). TERATOGEN!!!!!! CAN CAUSE OTOTOXICITY IN FETUS. |
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What is MOA of tetracyclines?
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Block 30 S inhibitor. Actually inhibits binding of aminoacyl tRNA!!!!!!!
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What are the drugs of tetracyclines?
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Tetracycline
Doxycycline Minocycline. |
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What drug is tetracycline/doxycycline used for?
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Vibrio cholerae
Acne Chlamydia Ureaplama Urealytic Mycoplasma Pneumoniae. Borrelia Rickettsia. |
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What antibiotic can be used in renal patients?
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Doxycyline: b/c eliminated through the feces.
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What are some high yield facts for tetracyclines?
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1) Prevent aminoacyl tRNA binding
2) NOT to be taken with milk, antacids, or iron preparations b/c divalent ions block its absorption. 3) Vibrio, Chlamydia, Ureaplasmia, Mycoplasma, Legionella, Rickettsia, Lyme |
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What is MOA of demeclocycline?
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Used in SIADH.
Blocks ADH!!!!! Type of tetracycline. |
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This drug shouldnt be taken with dairy products, multivitamins, and antacis?
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Tetracyclines!!!!!!
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What are the macrolides?
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Erythryomycin,
Azithromycin, Clarithromycin. |
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What is MOA of macrolides?
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Blocks the translocation by binding to 23s rRNA of 50 S ribosomes?
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A patient has a streptococcal infection but is allergic to penicillin. What drug should you treat this patient with?
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Erythromycin!!!!!!!
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What is erythromycin used for?
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Mycoplasma
Legionella Chlamydia Neisseria. |
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What are the side effects of tetracyclines?
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1) Photosensitivity
2) Gi discomfort 3) Teeth discoloration 4) In children --> prevents bone growth!!!! |
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What are the side effects of erythromyci, azithromycin?
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Gi discomfort! (activates motilin)
Acute cholestatic hepatitis!!! |
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What is major side effect of erythromycin?
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Inhibits p450!!!!!!!! So can increase concentratiosn of theophylline and warfarin!!!!!
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Which class of antibiotics can cause ventricular tachycardia, QT prolongation, and torsades?
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Macrolides.
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What is MOA of chloramphenicol?
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Binds to 50S peptidyltransferase!!!!
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What is chloramphenicol used to treat?
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Meningits (H. influenzae, N meningitis, S. pneumoniae)
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What is toxicity of chloramphenicol?
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Anemia (dose dependent)
Aplastic anemia (dose independent) Gray baby synsdrome because infants lack liver UDP-glucuronyl transferase!! |
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This drug treats anaerobic infections (abscesses) above the diaphragm?
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Clindamycin!!!!
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This drug treats anaerobic infections below diaphragm?
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Metronidazole.
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What is clindamycin used for?
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To treat anerobic infections!!!
1) Bacteroides fragilis 2) Clostridium perfringens!!!! |
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What drug can be used to treat C. perfringens?
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Clindamycin.
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This drug can cause P. colitis?
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Clindamycin
Ampicillin. |
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Sulfonamides. Examples
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Sulfamethaxazole
Sulfisoaxole Triple sulfas Sulfadiazine |
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What is MOA of sulfonamides?
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PABA antimetabolite
Inhibits dihydropteroate synthase. |
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What are sulfonamides used for?
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REcurrent UTIs.
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What is the toxicity of sulfonamides?
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Sulfa allergy
Hemolysis if G6PD deficient Nephrotoxicity Kernicterus in infants. |
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Sulfonamides facts:
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1) inhibits dihydropteroate synthase
2) G6PD hemolysis 3) Kernicterus in infants 4) Interstitial nephritis!!!! |
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What is MOA of trimetoprim?
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Inhibits dihydrofolate reductase!!!!
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What is trimpethoprim used for?
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PCP punemonia
Shigella/Salmonella Recurrent UTIs. Treats Marrow Poorly!!! |
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What are side effects of trimethroprim?
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Megaloblastic anemia, Leukopenia, Granulocytopenia.
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This antibiotic can cause the urine to turn a brownish color?
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Nitrofurantoin. Used for UTIs.
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