Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Microbes in Environment?
|
They are producers, consumers, decomposers!
|
|
|
Different Types of Water
|
Potable - water fit for human consumption
Polluted - rendered useless for a purpose Eutrophication - abundant nutrients allowing for algae growth Pathogens in water usually from feces |
|
|
Testing for water contamination!
|
Basically testing for Coliform bacteria - like E coli and others
Coliform test - put on nutrient plate where only coliform can grow. |
|
|
Water Purification
|
Well water does not need extensive purification.
Flocculation - precipitation of insoluble particles by teh addition of alum Filtration - through sand or charcoal Chlorination - kills bacteria |
|
|
Sewage
|
Used water and its respective waste. (used to go into rivers)
Sewage Treatments: Primary - physical removal (screens) Secondary - biological removal by treating with microbes (bacteria) Tertiary - chemical and physical (chlorine or sand) |
|
|
Septic Tanks
|
Microbes decomposed sludge - must be pumped. No chlorine, just gravel and soil.
|
|
|
Bioremediation
|
Use of natural or genetically engineered microbes to transform harmful substances into less or non-toxic ones (cleaning up oil or poop)
|
|
|
Microorgranisms as Food
|
Yeast - health food stores (baker's yeast used in bread production as it causes it to rise, also flavor of beer)
Algae - sushi Bacteria Also - vinegar, sauerkraut, pickles, green olives, soy sauce and poi |
|
|
Microorganisms as Dairy
|
Buttermilk, sour cream, yogurt, fermented milk.
Probiotics - live bacteria in the yogurt! Curd - solid. Whey - liquid. Ripening - action of microorganisms on curd. |
|
|
Gonorrhea
|
Bacterial STD
Women may be aysmptomatic, "pill" favors growth, "drip" of pus, humans are a natural host 1 million new cases/yr Antibiotics - recovery does not confer immunity |
|
|
Chlamydia
|
Bacterial STD
Treated with anitibiotics, same as gonorrhea's medicine, very high risk of reinfection |
|
|
Syphilis (The Pox)
|
Bacterial STD
Body fluids including saliva, Humans only reservoir, primary stage (4-6 wks) - chancres on genitals or lips, latent phase, secondary stage - (years) - pox, sometimes ends here, tertiary syphilis - gummas and permanent damage Congenital syphilis - weird teeth, shins, and nose No vaccine, harder to treat |
|
|
Herpes
|
Viral STD
|
|
|
AIDS
|
Viral STD
|
|
|
Genital Warts
|
Viral STD
|
|
|
Bacterial STDs
|
Organisms are senstivie to dying
Thrive in warmth Exchange of bodily fluids Curable, but long term effects if not |
|
|
Non-gonococcal urthetritis
|
Coincident with gonorrhea
May be caused by chlamydia Watery discharge, many asymptomatic, lead to sterility |
|
|
Leprosy, Trachoma, UTI, Conjunctivitis
|
Bacterial Diseases
|
|
|
Malaria - Etiology
|
Plasmodium causes it
Biological Vector - Mosquito Mosquitos and humans are hosts Infects RBCs |
|
|
Cause of Malaria
|
Caused by PROTIST - plasmodium
|
|
|
Treatment of Malaria
|
Blood smear shows disease
Quinine first effective drug. Prophylactic drugs given to those traveling to endemic areas Bed nets - prevent mosquitos |
|
|
Leishmaniasis
|
Caused by protists.
Skin lesions carried by sand flies Iraqi soldiers. |
|
|
African Sleeping Sickness
|
Tsetse fly carries PROTISTA.
Resistance to drugs (Trypanosome) |
|
|
Chagas Disease
|
Kissing bug carries Trypanosome
20 yrs later - heart attack |
|
|
Giardiasis
|
Protist
Fecal-oral transmission Found in most all lakes Cysts in intestines |
|
|
Amoebiasis
|
Dysentery - PROTIST
Tropical Fecal-Oral |
|
|
Meningoencephalitis
|
PROTIST - goes into water and enters nose and goes to brain. Death in a week.
|
|
|
Fungal Diseases
|
Hypersensitivity
Mycotoxins - release dangerous toxins Mycoses - infections on body |
|
|
Fungal skin Disease
|
Candidiasis, Madura foot
|
|
|
Other Fungal Infections
|
Athlete's Foot
Fungal infection of the Eye Ringworm |
|
|
Fungal Disease Treatment
|
Drugs reduce the toxicity by targeting the cell wall
|
|
|
Lymphatic Filariasis / Elephantiasis
|
Caused by worms
Affects Haiti/the poor Legs swollen Cannot be reversed |
|
|
Loaisis
|
Loaloa worm transmitted by deer flies
Adult worms live in eyes |
|
|
River Blindness
|
Roundworm transmitted by blackflies
|
|
|
Guinea Worm
|
Millions of infections
Drinking dirty water Gradual removal Cut down by Carter |
|
|
Viral Nervous System Diseases
|
Rabies
Meningitis Encephalitis West Nile Fever Polio |
|
|
Prion Diseases
|
Mad Cow
Creutzfield Jakob |
|
|
Rabies
|
Most mammals infected
Headache, confusion, coma Vaccine or rabies immune globulin after exposure Long incubation period Animals and those in danger given vaccine beforehand |
|
|
Meningitis
|
Bacterial or Viral
Inflammation of nervous system lining Lethal |
|
|
Viral Encephalitis
|
Brain inflammation
Bird and horses as carrier |
|
|
West Nile Fever
|
First case NYC 1999
Horses, birds, humans hosts Causes encephalitis can only relieve symptoms |
|
|
Viral diseases of the Visceral organs
|
Yellow Fever
Dengue Fever Mononucleosis Hepatitis Norovirus Hantavirus Ebola |
|
|
Yellow Fever
|
Mosquito Vector
Monkeys are reservoir High death rate Vaccine available Viral |
|
|
Dengue Fever
|
Self-limiting
Bone and joint pain No treatment\Virus |
|
|
Mono
|
Epstein Barr Virus
Sore throat, fatigue Spread through saliva, self-limiting |
|
|
Hepatitis
|
Inflammation of liver, jaundice
Hep B and C - blood - chronic Hep A - fecal oral - infectious |
|
|
Gastrointestinal Diseases - Viral
|
Rotavirus - nosocomial infection, vaccine, infant morbidity
Norwalk Virus (Norovirus) - diarrhea |
|
|
Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers
|
Hantavirus, Ebola, Marburg
Don't Rely on Humans Death by organ damage |
|
|
Hantavirus Syndromes
|
transmission from rodents, different strains
|
|
|
Ebola and Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever
|
Marburg - bats, monkeys, Angola, no cure, fever, diarrhea
Ebola - Major outbreaks, filamentous virus |
|
|
Streptococcal Diseases
|
S pyogenes - fever, strep throat
S pneumoniae - high mortality |
|
|
Superantigens
|
Antigen capable of producing inappropriately strong immune response
Can lead to systemic schock |
|
|
Strep Throat
|
Sore throat, enlarged tonsils
|
|
|
Streptococcus Sequelae
|
Incomplete antibiotic treatment or none can lead to this - fever
|
|
|
Impetigo
|
Skin infection
S pyogenes or S aureus |
|
|
Necrotizing fasciatis
|
"flesh eating" - eats away skin
S pyogenes |
|
|
Strep Treatments
|
Antibiotics - little resistance
Vaccine for pneumonia |
|
|
Bacterial Diseases of the Mouth
|
Dental Plague - covering of teeth with microbes, sugar and bacteria cause dissolving
Dental Caries - cavities Periodontal Disease - gum inflammation, gingivities < trench mouth < periodontititis Meth mouth |
|
|
Staph Diseases
|
Staph Aureus and Staph epidermidis
- Can be normal flora - Boils, pimples, impetigo MRSA, pneumonia, meningitis |
|
|
Staph Aureus Virulence Factors
|
Hemolysins, Coagulase, Leukocidin, Superantigens
|
|
|
MRSA
|
Resistant staph aureus
Treated with antibiotics, maggot therapy, phage therapy |
|
|
Diptheria
|
Treated with toxoid vaccine, blocks airways. Caused by bacteria
|
|
|
Whooping Cough
|
Violent cough, antibiotics do little, there is a vaccine, herd immunity need to be improved
Bacterial |
|
|
Meningococcal Meningitis
|
College students are victim, lethal, airborne
Bacterial |
|
|
TB
|
Contagious, used to be called consumption, bacteria into lungs
Vaccine - attenuated bovine virus Treatment - antibiotics |
|
|
Soil borne bacterial diseases
|
Anthrax, Tetanus (lockjaw), Gas Gangrene
|
|
|
Arthropod borne bacterial diseases
|
Plague - rodents, fleas
Tularemia - rabbits Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever - ticks Typhus - lice Erlichiosis - ticks Lyme - ticks |
|
|
Lyme
|
Vector - tick, high %
Hosts - humans Headache, fatigue, bullseye DEET preventative measures Antibiotics - no more vaccine Bacterial |
