Microbes And Pollution

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Bioleaching

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using bacteria and fungi to recover metal from low grade ore

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low grade ore

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rocks containing metals in low amounts, making them hard to mine

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thiobacillus

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chemolithotrophic bacteria, aerobic, gram neg. carbon from co2 fixation. energy from oxidation ofSUlfure. ph - 1.3-3. BIOLEACHING

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Steps of bioleaching

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1. pile up mineral (ore)
2. add water to top
3. let water through, collect leachate
4. treat water by raising the ph to precippitate meteals

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Acid Mine Drainage

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open pit mining-during operation water is pumped out, after mining water seeps in. metals are oxified lead ing to acidification
2. contamination of water ways- low ph (sulfuric acid ph 2), toxic chemicals are dissolved by acid, produces metals like aluminum and mercary

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Bioremediation

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using organisms to detoxify or eliminate toxic materials

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wetland remediation

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create anaerobic conditions to clean up acid mine drainage- type of bioremediation

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desulfovirbio, desulfobulbos

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sulfate reducing bactera- gram pos, anaerobic, clean up acid mine drainage by converting sulfuric acid back to sulfite (solid material)

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Polychlorinated biphenyls

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source of pollution. used in industry in electrical machinary. used compounds did not exist in nature like flourescent lights. had many health risks. functioned by reductive dechlorination

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reductive dechlorination

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a type of polycholorination that removed chlorine atoms to reduce compounds to smaller molecules. ex- dehalococcoides

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dehalococcoide-

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pcb that removd chlorine

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Hatfield Nuclear0 problems and solutions

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creates plutonium from uranium- a lot of radioactive waste stored underground. Uses bioremediation of sulfur reducing bacteria to clean. possibly could use deinococcus radiodurms

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deincoccus radiodurms

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bacterium most resistant to radioactivy- cleans up toxic waste and can withstand plutonium and uranium

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pertroleum products

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complex petroleum may be broken by many bactera

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Biostiumulation

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adds fertilizer (nitrogen and phosphorus) to promote bacterial growth in petrolum. big oil spill

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advantages and disadvantages of petroleum products

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advantages- microbes get into smaller places and its inexpensive;
disadvantages- cab take a longtime and fertlizer may lead to algae blooms

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bloom

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dense accumulation of microbial cells- in waterways

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algal blooms- red tides conditions

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caused by dinoglagellates- in increased sunlight and nutrition

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algal blooms sequence of events

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algae bloom, product of red pigments and neurotoxings- consumption and consumption

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biological magnification or bioaccumulation

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increased concentration of substants in living organisms

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paralytic shellfish poisoning

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caused by red tides- numbness of lips, amnesia, difficulty moving muscles, breathing, cannot be destroyed by cooking

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steps in death of waterway

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addition of sewage, industrial waste lead to algae bloom then bacteria bloom (use up o2) then plants and animals die from lack of 02

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Indicator Organism

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organism which is often accompanied by bad organism

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coliform

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aerobic gram neg organism that is not pathogenic but suggests presece of pathogenic organism

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fecal colifrom

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subset of coliform that suggests fecal contamination

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drinking water standards

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no fecal bacteria such as cryptosporidium, giardia, salmonella, cholorae

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vibrio cholerae

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found in contaminated food and water and causes severe diahhrea

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epa coliform standard

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0 in 100ml

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biological oxygen demand

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amount of oxygen needed by microbes in water to break down ogranic material present

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purpose of sewage treatment plants

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separate water from waste and limit nutrient runoff

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primary waste treatment

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mechanical and biological- insluble material (sludge) settles out, solid material is ground up. primary sludge is degraded by bacteria in anaerobic sludge tank. remaining solids dried up and disposed off

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secondary water treatment

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biological- treatment of effluent (liquid) from primary treatment. mineralization by aerobic bacteria. may be oxidation lagoons, trickling filter system, activated sludge tank

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oxidation lagoons- 2nd treatment

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large expanses of water (effluent) held for monthes while bacteria break down organic matter

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trickling filer system- 2nd treatmen

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effluent sprinkled over solid surface. bio bilm and biodiscs form immobilized popululations bond to surfaces

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activated sludge tank- 2nd treatment

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solid mater primary treatment is broken down by aerobic microbes

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teritary treatment of sewage

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chemical- use of chlorine gas to kill pathogens. use of chemicals or microbes to remove phosphte and/or nitrogen. results in very low BOD and can be released to nearest waterways or used as drinkingwater

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steps in treatment of drinking water

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1. coagulation. flocculation
2. filtration
3. chlorination

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coagulation/flocculatoin of drinking water

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precipitation and removal of large particles from water in drinkin water treatment

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filtration of drinking water

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use of sand, dicotomous earth, removal of most microbes in treatment of drinking water

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chlorination of drinking water

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chemcial treatment- kills remaining microbes