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93 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Necator americanis
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Helminth - Hookworm
skin penetration, lung expulsion, swallowed, intestinal maturation |
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Toxoplasma gondii
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Protozoan - cyst forming,toxoplasmosis
cat feces |
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Trypanosoma brucei
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Protozoan - Sleeping sickness
tsetse fly |
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Leishmania
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Protozoan - Leishmaniasis, Visceral (kala-azar)
sandflies transfer promatstigotes |
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Trypanosoma cruzi
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Protozoan - Chagas' disease (American trypanosomiasis)
kissing bug bite/defecation transfers trypomastigotes |
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Trichuris trichiura
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Helminth - Trichuriasis
Eggs ingested, hatch in small intestine, adults in cecum and colon, treat w/ mebendazole, alt. albendazole |
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Ascaris lumbricoides
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Helminth - Ascariasis, pneumonitis
egg from soil (feces) are ingested- migrate to liver and heart, then lungs, are expelled and swallowed |
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Schistosoma haematobium
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Helminth - urinary schistosomiasis, haematuria
flukes acquired from freshwater snails,adults in vessels of bladder Dx dark urine Treat w/ praziquantel, quinolone der. |
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Schistosoma mansoni
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Helminth - hepatobiliary schistosomiasis, acute schistosomiasis, fever, hepato/spleno-megaly
snail host releases cercariae, fluke invade dermis, eggs released into blood, maturation and mating in liver |
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Plasmodium falciparum
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Protozoan - malaria
sporozites in mosquitos are transfered by bite |
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Wucheria bancrofti
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Helminth - Lmymphatic filariasis, elephantiasis
mosquito bite, migrate to lymph vessels, mature in 6-12 months Treat - doxycyclin kills symbiotic bacteria Wolbachia |
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Onchocerca volvulus
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Helminth - Onchocerciasis, river blindness
transmitted by blackflies, larvae form sub-dermal nodules Rx ivermectin |
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Dracunculus medinesis
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Helminth - Dracunculiasis, guinea worm disease
drinking fresh water cocepods (water fleas), maturation into worms upto 3 feet, sooth wound in water, and worm extrudes larvae Rx mebendzole, filtered water |
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Chlamydia trachomatis
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Bacteria - Gram (-)
Trachoma, STDs - non-gonococcal urethritis/cervicitis elementary body (non-replicative, infective) and conversion to reticulate body (replicative)in macrophages |
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Mycobacterium leprae
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Bacteria - Acid Fast
Leprosy, infection of nerves leading to anesthesia and extensive disfigurement |
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Mycobacteria non-tuberculosis
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Bacteria - Acid Fast
Buruli ulcer, skin infections environmental acquisition by inhalation or wound inoculation |
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Mycoplasma pneumoniae
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Bacteria - Gram (-)
atypical walking pneumonia aerosol or contact no wall, no B-lactams tetracyclin or erythromycin |
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Clostridium difficile
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Bacteria - Gram (+)
bloody diarrhea, psuedomembranous colitis natural flora killed by neoplatics or antibiotics, colonization or infection can occur (especially nosocomial) Rx vancomycin or metronidazole |
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Legionella pneumophila
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Bacteri - Gram (-)
Legionnaire's disease, multi-focal pneumonia, Poniac fever aerosolized droplets or water contaminated with parasitized amebae, infect macrophages - early endosome Rx- macrolides (erythromycin), quinolones |
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Respiratory Syncytial Virus
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Paramyxovirus
Enveloped,spherical, ss(-)RNA upper and lower respiratory infections (esp bronchiolitis) Rx- aerosolized ribavirin |
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Influenza
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Orthomyxovirus
spherical/filamentous, enveloped, ss(-)RNA w/ 8 segments influenza: fever, headache, chills, malaise, myalgia, respiratory symptoms droplets Treat - Type A Rimantadine/amantadine Types A and B w/ neuraminidase inhibitors |
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Human Immunodeficiency Virus
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Retrovirus
spherical, enveloped, duplicate ss(+)RNA acute lymphadenopathy, fever, sweats, myaligas AIDS - dramatic CD4+ T cell loss sexual contact, transfusion, needles |
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis
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Bacteria - Acid Fast
TB aerosols, ingested by alveolar macrophages w/ subsequent intracellular growth 9 month treatment regimen |
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Neisseria meningitidis
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Bacteria - Gram (-)
meningitis nasopharynx colonization, endothelial tropism, CSF access Rx - antibiotics |
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Neisseria gonorrhoeae
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Bacteria - Gram (-)
gonorrhea, urethritis, purulent cervicitis invasion of columnar epithelial cells in distal urthera/endocervix Treat w/ antibiotics |
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Staphylococcus aureus
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Bacteria - Gram (+)
Skin infections w/ pus formation: boils, carbuncle, impetigo; deept infections toxins: SSSS, TSS coagulase (+), catalase (+) some methicillin-resistant (MRSA) |
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Enterococci
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Bacteria - Gram (+)
UTIs, abdominal/pelvic wound infections anaerobic cocci, single or pairs VRE increasing |
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Streptococcus pneumoniae
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Bacteria - Gram (+)
pneumonia, bacterial meningitis >83 types of polysaccharide capsule (inhibit phagocytosis/complement binding) aerosol spread, diplococci, a-hemolytic Rx optochin sensitive B-lactam resistant |
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Streptococcus pyogenes
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Bacteria - Gram (+)
Group A Strep pharyngitis, skin infections toxins: TSS(superantigen) filaments of M protein and lipoteichoic acid bind to cells (necrotizing fasciitis) Streptolysin O and S beta-hemolytic Rx - penicillin |
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Streptococcus agalactiae
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Bacteria - Gram (+)
Group B Strep (B-hemolytic) neonatal meningitis, maternal infection polysaccharide capsule of sialic acid (increases CSF invasiveness), induces apical endocytosis and subsequent basal exocytosis antibiotics |
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Clostridium difficile
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Bacteria - Gram (+)
bloody diarrhea, psuedomembranous colitis natural flora killed by neoplatics or antibiotics, colonization or infection can occur (especially nosocomial) Rx vancomycin or metronidazole |
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Legionella pneumophila
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Bacteri - Gram (-)
Legionnaire's disease, multi-focal pneumonia, Poniac fever aerosolized droplets or water contaminated with parasitized amebae, infect macrophages - early endosome Rx- macrolides (erythromycin), quinolones |
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Respiratory Syncytial Virus
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Paramyxovirus
Enveloped,spherical, ss(-)RNA upper and lower respiratory infections (esp bronchiolitis) Rx- aerosolized ribavirin |
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Influenza
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Orthomyxovirus
spherical/filamentous, enveloped, ss(-)RNA w/ 8 segments influenza: fever, headache, chills, malaise, myalgia, respiratory symptoms droplets Treat - Type A Rimantadine/amantadine Types A and B w/ neuraminidase inhibitors |
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Human Immunodeficiency Virus
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Retrovirus
spherical, enveloped, duplicate ss(+)RNA acute lymphadenopathy, fever, sweats, myaligas AIDS - dramatic CD4+ T cell loss sexual contact, transfusion, needles |
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis
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Bacteria - Acid Fast
TB aerosols, ingested by alveolar macrophages w/ subsequent intracellular growth 9 month treatment regimen |
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Neisseria meningitidis
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Bacteria - Gram (-)
meningitis nasopharynx colonization, endothelial tropism, CSF access Rx - antibiotics |
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Neisseria gonorrhoeae
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Bacteria - Gram (-)
gonorrhea, urethritis, purulent cervicitis invasion of columnar epithelial cells in distal urthera/endocervix Treat w/ antibiotics |
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Staphylococcus aureus
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Bacteria - Gram (+)
Skin infections w/ pus formation: boils, carbuncle, impetigo; deept infections toxins: SSSS, TSS coagulase (+), catalase (+) some methicillin-resistant (MRSA) |
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Enterococci
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Bacteria - Gram (+)
UTIs, abdominal/pelvic wound infections anaerobic cocci, single or pairs VRE increasing |
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Streptococcus pneumoniae
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Bacteria - Gram (+)
pneumonia, bacterial meningitis >83 types of polysaccharide capsule (inhibit phagocytosis/complement binding) aerosol spread, diplococci, a-hemolytic Rx optochin sensitive |
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Streptococcus pyogenes
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Bacteria - Gram (+)
Group A Strep pharyngitis, skin infections toxins: TSS(superantigen) filaments of M protein and lipoteichoic acid bind to cells beta-hemolytic Rx - penicillin |
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Streptococcus agalactiae
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Bacteria - Gram (+)
Group B Strep neonatal meningitis, maternal infection polysaccharide capsule of sialic acid (increases CSF invasiveness) beta-hemolytic antibiotics |
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Corynebacterium diptheriaee
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Bacteria - Gram (+)
diphtheria, skin infections inhaled bacteria attach to back of the throat, diptheria toxin kills cells (A-B toxin, B binds target, A enters cell inhibiting EF2) inflammation and fibrin accumulation resulting in a pseudomembrane toxin can damage heart and CNS turns black on tellurite antibody generated v. toxin Rx- antitoxin, Pen/Eryth, DPT |
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Haemophilus influenzae
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Bacteria - Gram (-)
coccobacilli Encapsulated type b strain: meningitis, epilottitis, conjunctivitis Non-encapsulated: otitis media, pneumonia Rx- antibiotics |
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Bordetella pertussis
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Bacteria - Gram (-)
Whooping cough, pertussis (paroxysmal cough) coccobacilli antibody to pertussis toxin attach to nasopharynx, spread along ciliated bronchial cells with secretion of toxin leading to deregulation and fluid accumulation Rx- erythromycin |
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Clostridium tetani
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Bacteria - Gram (+)
rods w/ swollen end, anaerobic germinate deep in tissue (anaerobic) and release tetanus toxin immunity induced by toxin |
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Histoplasma capsulatum
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Fungus
Histoplasmosis: lung infection, acute often self-limiting flu-like illnes Progressive inhaled conidia are phagocytosed, neutralize phagolysosome pH, and grow Rx- itraconazole, ketoconazole, r amphotericin B |
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Escherichia coli
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Bacteria - Gram (-)
rods GI disease: diarrea or dysentery, UTIs, minigitis, respiratory infections |
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Ebola virus
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Filovirus
ss(-)RNA transmitted from body fluids, needles, and aerosols Isolation |
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Parainfluenza virus
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Paramyxovirus
helical, enveloped ss(-)RNA aerosol, entry of trachea mucosal cells Hemagglutinin-Neuraminidase Fusion of infected cells (syncitium forming) |
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Gram (+) Bacteria
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Streptococcus
Staphylococcus Bacillus Clostridium Corynebacterium Listeria |
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Gram (+) Cocci
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Staphylococcus
Streptococcus |
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Gram (+) Rods
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Bacillus
Clostridium Corynebacterium Listeria |
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Gram (+) Spore Formers
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Bacillus
Clostridium |
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Gram (-) Cocci
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Neisseria
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Gram (-) Spirals
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Spirochetes: Treponema, Borrelia, Leptospira
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Gram (+) filamentous
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Actinomyces (anaerobic)
Nocardia (partially acid-fast) |
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No cell wall
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Mycoplasma
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Partially Gram (+) Rods
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Mycobacterium (acid-fast)
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Gram (-) Pleomorphic
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Chlamydia, Rickettsiae
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Gram-Positive Cells
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2 Layers: inner cytoplasmic membrane and outer thick peptidoglycan layer (60-100% peptidoglycan)
Low lipid No endotoxin (except Listeria) No periplasmic space No porin channel Vulnerable to lysozyme and penicillin attack |
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Gram-Negative Cells
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3 Layers: inner cytoplasmic membrane, thin peptidoglycan layer (5-10% peptidoglycan), and outer membrane with LPS
High lipid content Endotoxin (LPS)- lipid A Periplasmic space Porin channel Resistant to lysozyme and penicillin |
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Gram (+) Obligate Anaerobes
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Clostridium
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Gram (-) Obligate Anaerobes
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Bacteroides
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Gram (+) Obligate Aerobes
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Nocardia (weakly acid-fast)
Bacillus cereus |
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Gram (-) Obligate Aerobes
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Neisseria
Pseudomonas Bordetella Legionella Brucella |
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Acid-fast Obligate Aerobes
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Mycobacterium
Nocardia |
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Wallless Facultative Anaerobes
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Mycoplasma
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Gram (+) Facultative Anaerobes
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Staphylococcus
Bacillus anthracis Listeria Actinomyces |
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Gram (-) Facultative Anaerobes
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most other gram (-) rods
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Gram (+) Microaerophilic
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Streptococcus
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Gram (-) Microaerophilic
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Spirochetes: Treponema, Borrelia, Leptospira
Campylobacter |
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Microaerophilic
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can tolerate small amounts of oxygen, have superoxide dismutase but not catalase
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Obligate anaerobes
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oxygen defenseless
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Facultative anaerobes
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aerobic with faculties for anaerobic fermentation, prefer aerobic conditions
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Catalase
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breaks 2xH2O2 into 2xH2O + O2
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Superoxide Dismutase
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O2- + O2- + 2xH+ into H2O2 + O2
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Endospores
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heat stable, resist boiling
cell membrane, thick peptidoglycan mesh, another cell membrane, keratin-like wall, exosporium Clostridium and Bacillus |
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Facultative Intracellular Organisms (x7)
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Listeria monocytogenes
Salmonella typhi Yersinia Francisella tularensis Brucella Legionella Mycobacterium |
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Endotoxin
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lipid A of LPS in Gram (-) bacteria and Listeria monocytogenes
constantly shed and released in larger amounts upon lysis |
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Gram (-) Bacterial Secretion Systems
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Sec and Tab
Types 1-4 |
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Gram (+) Bacterial Secretion Systems
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Sec and Tab
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Type III Secretion in Salmonella
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induce psuedo-phagocytotic uptake and transport with later export
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Type III Secretion in Enterohemorrhagic E. coli
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allows transport of intimate adherence receptor to target membrane
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Secretion systems targeting a host membrane?
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Types 3-4
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Streptococcus
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catalase (-)
Blood agar give a-hemolytic (green), B-hemolytic (clear), gamma-hemolytic (non) antigenic C carbohydrate Lancefield antigens (esp A, B, and D) includes Viridans |
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Borrelia burgdorferi
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Bacteria - Gram (-)
spirochetes Lyme disease: joints, NS, and skin (3 stages like syphilis) tick-borne Rx- dox/amoxicillin |
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Treponema pallidum
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Bacteria - Gram (-)
spirochetes Syphilis: 3 stages |
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Bacillus anthracis
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Bacteria - Gram (+)
rods, spore forming Antrhax: black lesion eschar, pulmonary zoonotic - cattle PA - promotes entry of EF into phagocytes EF - edema factor raises cAMP, decrease neutrophil function LF - lethal factor increases TNF-a all on pOX1 plasmid pOX2 spores proteins |
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Bacillus cereus
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Bacteria - Gram (+)
rods, spore forming food poisoning: vomiting, diarrhea |
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Clostridium botulinum
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Bacteria - Gram (+)
rods, anaerobic, spore forming botulinum toxin blockades ACh release with resultant flaccid muscle paralysis |
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Listeria monocytogenes
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Bacteria - Gram (+)
Food-borne gastroenteritis, bacteremia in pregnant women, and infant infection nervous tropism fcultative intracellular organism |
