Microanatomy: Respiratory System

Front 1

respiratory system, two major divisions

Back 1

conducting portion and respiratory portion

Front 2

conduction portion, 7 components

Back 2

nasal cavity, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles

Front 3

respiratory portion, 3 components

Back 3

respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli

Front 4

nasal cavities are

Back 4

paired chambers separated by a bony and cartilagenous septum

Front 5

nasal cavities, three regions

Back 5

vestibule, respiratory segment, olfactory segment

Front 6

vestibule, definition

Back 6

site of communication with external environment via the external nares (nostrils)

Front 7

vestibule, tissue type

Back 7

stratified squamous epithelium with hair

Front 8

vestibule, function of hairs within

Back 8

prevent large particles from entering nasal cavities (I.e. BUGS)

Front 9

end of vestibule, tissue change

Back 9

stratified squamous epithelium is replaced by respiratory epithelium, pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium with goblet cells

Front 10

goblet cells are

Back 10

single-celled glands

Front 11

olfactory mucosa is

Back 11

specialized epithelium involved in smell

Front 12

respiratory segment, tissue type

Back 12

respiratory epithelium = pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium with goblet cells

Front 13

lamina propria of respiratory segment

Back 13

lose connective tissue that is attached to the periosteum of the underlying bone

Front 14

medial wall, respiratory segment

Back 14

nasal septum

Front 15

lateral wall, respiratory segment

Back 15

conchae/turbinates

Front 16

conchae/turbinates, function

Back 16

increase surface area and cause a turbulence in air flow to allow for better warming & mosturizing of the air

Front 17

vasculature of respiratory segment is increased because

Back 17

it needs to function to help warm the air

Front 18

conchae/turbinates, secondary function

Back 18

cause eddies in airflow that help remove particulate matter by trapping it in the mucus of the cavity

Front 19

goblet cells, contents

Back 19

mucus

Front 20

in respiratory epithelium, all cells sit

Back 20

on basal lamina (they're pseudostratified)

Front 21

nasal cavity lamina propria, characteristic

Back 21

very vascular

Front 22

function of vasculature in lamina propria of nasal cavity

Back 22

warms inspired air nearer to body temperature

Front 23

during allergic reactions & viral infections, lamina propria of nasal cavity becomes

Back 23

excessively engorged and leaky

Front 24

engorgement of lamina propria vessels during allergic reactions & viral infections causes

Back 24

distension of the lamina propria which makes breathing more difficult

Front 25

nasal cavity lamina propria contains what type of glands?

Back 25

mucous glands with serous demilunes

Front 26

demilune cells secrete

Back 26

lysozyme, an antibacterial

Front 27

olfactory segment is lined by

Back 27

olfactory epithelium

Front 28

olfactory mucosa in humans is measured in

Back 28

mere square centimeters (as opposed to in mammals, where it's larger)

Front 29

olfactory epithelium, tissue type

Back 29

pesudostratified columnar epithelium

Front 30

olfactory segment, # of cell types

Back 30

four

Front 31

olfactory cells

Back 31

special visceral sensory cells

Front 32

supporting / sustentacular cells

Back 32

provide mechanical & metabolic support for olfactory sensory cells; role is similar to that of glial cells

Front 33

basal cells

Back 33

mitotic cells that renew the sensory & sustentacular (supporting) cells

Front 34

brush cells

Back 34

general sensory cells innervated by the trigeminal n (CN V); signal touch from the olfactory epithelium (also found in respiratory epithelium)

Front 35

olfactory cells have

Back 35

bipolar neurons (they're actually neural cells)

Front 36

olfactory cells span

Back 36

the thickness of the olfactory epithelium

Front 37

olfactory cells contain ______ structure at their apical surface

Back 37

knob-like structure called the olfactory vesicle

Front 38

function of olfactory vesicle

Back 38

has a number of non-motile cilia on its surface that are the sites of the olfactory receptors

Front 39

basal end of olfactory cells gives rise to

Back 39

an axoon

Front 40

axons that arise from olfactory cells join

Back 40

other axons to form the olfactory n (CN I)

Front 41

olfactory axons penetrate what part of the skull?

Back 41

the cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone to synapse in the olfactory bulb

Front 42

olfactory n axons synapse in

Back 42

the olfactory bulb

Front 43

olfactory neurons have the special ability to

Back 43

regenerate

Front 44

olfactory (Bowman's) glands function to

Back 44

flush cells so that molecules don't linger

Front 45

olfactory epithelium can be id'd on slide by

Back 45

nerves & vasculature

Front 46

nasopharynx is the portion of the pharynx located

Back 46

aboce the soft palate * behind the nasal cavities

Front 47

pharynx is located

Back 47

posterior to the nasal & oral cavities

Front 48

nasopharynx is lines by

Back 48

respiratory epithelium

Front 49

the posterior wall of the nasopharynx contains

Back 49

the pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids)

Front 50

epiglottis, core comprised of

Back 50

elastic cartilage

Front 51

structure that projects into the pharynx from the rim of the larynx

Back 51

epiglottis

Front 52

lingual surface of epiglottis is lined by

Back 52

stratified squamous epithelium

Front 53

laryngeal surface of epiglottis is lined by

Back 53

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Front 54

lamina propria of epiglottis contains

Back 54

mixed mucous & serous glands

Front 55

larynx, structure

Back 55

complex; connects pharynx with trachea

Front 56

lamina propria of larynx characterized by

Back 56

laryngeal cartilages

Front 57

laryngeal cartilages are the

Back 57

thyroid, cricoid, & arytenoid cartilages

Front 58

laryngeal cartilages, function

Back 58

maintain patency of larynx & play major role in vocalization

Front 59

false vocal folds aka

Back 59

ventricular folds

Front 60

false vocal folds consist of

Back 60

two upper pairs of folds found in the larynx

Front 61

false vocal folds, histological composition

Back 61

covered by pseudostratified columnar epithelium, the lamina propria of which contains numerous serous glands

Front 62

true vocal folds aka

Back 62

vocal cords

Front 63

true vocal folds consist of

Back 63

lower pair of folds in the larynx

Front 64

true vocal folds, histological composition

Back 64

covered by stratified squamous epithelium

Front 65

true vocal folds, specialized structure

Back 65

parallel bundles of elastic fibers that form vocal ligaments

Front 66

muscle found in true vocal folds

Back 66

vocalis muscle

Front 67

vocalis muscles, location

Back 67

parallel to vocal ligaments

Front 68

vocalis muscles, type & innervation

Back 68

skeletal mm, innervated by vagus n (CN X)

Front 69

false vocal folds, composition (tissue type)

Back 69

adipose / fat tissue

Front 70

structure between false & true vocal folds

Back 70

ventricles

Front 71

trachea, structure of

Back 71

short tubular structure about an inch in diameter & 5 inches long; extends from larynx to mid thorax

Front 72

trachea branches into

Back 72

two primary bronchi

Front 73

tracheal mucosa, composition

Back 73

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (respiratory epithelium) & elastic-rich lamina propria

Front 74

tracheal mucosa contains 5 types of cells, including

Back 74

ciliated cells, goblet cells, brush/sensory cells, small granule cells, & basal cells

Front 75

function of small granule cells

Back 75

enteroendocrine cells

Front 76

function of basal cells in trachea

Back 76

repopulation of epithelium

Front 77

cilia of epithelial cells beat

Back 77

in unison upward to move mucus toward the oropharynx

Front 78

epithelium of trachea rests upon

Back 78

v. thick basement membrane

Front 79

basement membrane of trachea composed of

Back 79

densely packed collagen fibers that lie immediately beneath the epithelial basal lamina (thick reticular lamina, so it's part of lamina propria)

Front 80

in smokers, chronic coughing causes

Back 80

basement membrane to thicken

Front 81

lamina propria of trachea is a

Back 81

loose connective tissue

Front 82

cells found in lamina propria of trachea include

Back 82

mast cells, plasma cells, & macrophages

Front 83

diffuse & nodular lymphatic tissue can characterize the lamina propria of

Back 83

the trachea

Front 84

cartilagenous layer of the trachea, composed of

Back 84

hyaline cartilage

Front 85

______ form the cartilagenous layer of the trachea

Back 85

16-20 c-shaped cartilages

Front 86

cartilage of trachea allows for

Back 86

flexibility of trachea while maintining patency

Front 87

in older individuals, cartilagenous layers of trachea may become

Back 87

calcified & form bone

Front 88

posteriorly, the c-shaped cartilage of the trachea is attached by

Back 88

the trachealis muscle (smooth muscle)

Front 89

trachealis muscle, type

Back 89

smooth muscle

Front 90

contraction of trachealis muscle causes

Back 90

increase in velocity of expelled air during cough reflex

Front 91

during a cough, the c-shaped cartilage

Back 91

decreases its diameter

Front 92

primary bronchi, location

Back 92

extrapulmonary (outside the lungs)

Front 93

primary bronchi similar in structure to trachea except

Back 93

there are rings of cartilage rather than c-shaped cartilages

Front 94

rings of primary bronchi

Back 94

completely encircle bronchi

Front 95

as bronchi enter lungs, cartilagenous rings are replaced by

Back 95

irregular plates distributed circularly around the entire circumference of the bronchus

Front 96

progressing inferiorly down respiratory tree, cartilage is replaced by

Back 96

smooth muscle

Front 97

bronchus composed of _____ tissue

Back 97

respiratory epithelium (have goblet cells interspersed among ciliated cells)

Front 98

bronchioles, air conducting tubes measure

Back 98

1 mm or less in diameter

Front 99

larger bronchioles have this tissue type

Back 99

typical respiratory epithelium (pseudostratified columnar epithelium)

Front 100

further down, epithelium of bronchioles becomes

Back 100

simple ciliated columnar, then simple cuboidal

Front 101

goblet cells found in

Back 101

largest bronchioles but not smaller ones

Front 102

broncioles do not contain

Back 102

cartilage

Front 103

cartilage is replaced by _____ in bronchioles

Back 103

smooth muscle (thick)

Front 104

distinguish bronchioles from bronchi by

Back 104

noticing absence of cartilage in bronchioles

Front 105

bronchioles have no

Back 105

subepithelial glands

Front 106

clara cells first found in

Back 106

bronchioles

Front 107

clara cells secrete

Back 107

a lipoprotein that prevents adhesion of adjacent walls during expiration

Front 108

clara cell protein (CC16) used to

Back 108

assess damage to lungs

Front 109

cleara cell protein decreases

Back 109

in bronchioalveolar fluids when lung is damaged

Front 110

if clara cell protein is present in blood it indicates

Back 110

lung damage

Front 111

terninal bronchioles are

Back 111

smallest bronchioles with purely conducting function

Front 112

terminal bronchioles comprised of

Back 112

simple cuboidal epithelium with clara cells

Front 113

transition from bronchioles to alveoli, tissue type

Back 113

simple cuboidal epithelium to simple squamous epithelium

Front 114

respiratory bronchioles are

Back 114

transitional structures that serve as the first part of the respiratory tree where gas exchange occurs

Front 115

respiratory bronchioles have _____ lumens

Back 115

narrow

Front 116

respiratory bronchioles, tissue type

Back 116

simple cuboidal epithelium

Front 117

initial portion of respiratory bronchioles contains ______ cells

Back 117

ciliated & Clara cells

Front 118

distally, respiratory bronchioles contain mostly _______ cels

Back 118

Clara cells

Front 119

scattered, thin-walled outpouchings of lumen of respiratory bronchioles are

Back 119

alveoli

Front 120

Kartegener syndrome is

Back 120

immotile cilia syndrome wherein there is a difficiency of DYNEIN, the ATPase necessary for ciliary movement

Front 121

alchohol affects

Back 121

ciliar movement

Front 122

chronic alcoholics frequently have

Back 122

pneumonia

Front 123

smoking impairs

Back 123

ciliary motility and increases mucus production in the trachea & bronchi

Front 124

in smokers, goblet cells can be found

Back 124

further down in respiratory tree (in bronchioles)

Front 125

asthma occurs when

Back 125

mast cells in lamina propria release histamine & other vasoactive substances in response to allergens

Front 126

asthma causes

Back 126

constriction of smooth muscle in the bronchioles

Front 127

drugs used to rela smooth muscle during asthma attacks

Back 127

epinephertine & sympathomimetic drugs

Front 128

cystic fibrosis is

Back 128

autosomal recessive disorder that causes defect in Cl- channel protein, resulting in abnormal transport of Cl- in exocrine gland epithelium

Front 129

cystic fibrosis results in

Back 129

decreased Cl- secretion & increased Na+ & H2O resorption

Front 130

mucus in individuals with CF becomes

Back 130

very thick & viscous, eventually blocking bronchioles & bronchi

Front 131

average lifespan, pt with CF

Back 131

32 years

Front 132

alveoli are site of

Back 132

gas exchange

Front 133

# of alveoli in human lung

Back 133

~ 300 million; dramatically increase gas exchange surface area

Front 134

shape, alveoli

Back 134

polyhedral chamber; thin-walled

Front 135

alveoli connect to respiratory bronchiole by way of

Back 135

an alveolar duct & an alveolar sac

Front 136

alveolar ducts are

Back 136

elongate airways with almost no walls, only alveoli as their peripheral boundaries

Front 137

alveolar sacs are

Back 137

spaces surrounded by clusters of alveoli

Front 138

alveolar epithelium composed of ____ cells

Back 138

type I & type II pneumocytes

Front 139

type I pneumocytes

Back 139

extremely thin, squamous cells; form 95% of alveolar lining; attach to surrounding cells via tight junctions

Front 140

type II pneumocytes

Back 140

secretory cells; cuboidal structure; interspersed among type I cells & only cover about 5% of alveolar lining because of their taller structure

Front 141

air-blood barrier composed of

Back 141

septal components and monomolecular layer of surfactant

Front 142

surfactant produced by

Back 142

type II pneumocytes

Front 143

components of alveolar septum are

Back 143

alveolar epithelial cells, basal lamina of alveolar epithelial cells, basal lamina of capillary endothelial cells, & endothelial cells

Front 144

alveolar septum is

Back 144

site of gas exchange between air & blood

Front 145

type II pneumocytes contain

Back 145

lamellar bodies

Front 146

lamellae of type II pneumocytes are

Back 146

rich in phospholipids among which is the surface active agent surfactant

Front 147

lamellar bodies are released into

Back 147

alveolar spaces

Front 148

surfactant forms

Back 148

a monomolecular layer over the surface of the lining cells

Front 149

surfactant reduces

Back 149

surface tension at the air-epithelium interface

Front 150

without surfactant, alveoli would

Back 150

collapse upon exhalation

Front 151

respiratory distress syndrome is

Back 151

problem in premature infants that haven't developed sufficiently to produce surfactant (RDS in adults is totally different)

Front 152

goodpasture syndrome is

Back 152

disease in which antibodies are made to type IV collagen; this can affect the basal laminae of the alveolar septae in the lungs

Front 153

goodpasture syndrome also affects

Back 153

renal glomerular basal lamina

Front 154

goodpasture syndrome classified by its affects

Back 154

on lungs & kidneys

Front 155

goodpasture syndrome most common among

Back 155

males, avg, age 29

Front 156

emphysema aka

Back 156

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Front 157

emphysema characterized by

Back 157

a permanent dilation of the air spaces distal to the terminal bronchiole

Front 158

COPD caused by

Back 158

chronic obstruction of airflow due to narrowing of bronchioles

Front 159

in COPID, alveolar walls

Back 159

are destroyed & gas exchange becomes severely impaired

Front 160

most common cause of COPD

Back 160

cigarette smoking (also occupational hazards, eg coal mining)

Front 161

treatment for COPD

Back 161

collapse dilated, damaged portions of lung to allow room within thoracic cavity for expansion of remaining normal lung tissue during inspiration

Front 162

alveolar macrophages function in both

Back 162

connective tissue & air spaces

Front 163

alveolar macrophages scavenge the surface of the epithelium and

Back 163

remove inhaled particulates

Front 164

alveolar macrophages aka

Back 164

dust cells

Front 165

engorged macrophages are

Back 165

carried up in respiratory tree in mucus, moved by cilia in the tract; at pharynx, they are swallowed or expectorated

Front 166

connective tissue macrophages remain in the CT for

Back 166

an extremely long time

Front 167

congestive heart failure cuases lungs to become

Back 167

congested with blood

Front 168

CHF, cause

Back 168

red cells are forced into alveolar spaces from damaged capillaries

Front 169

alveolar macrophages phagocytose

Back 169

RBCs and contain iron pigment, hemosiderin

Front 170

hemosiderin-filled macrophages aka

Back 170

heart failure cells

Front 171

alveolar macrophages derived from

Back 171

monocytes