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89 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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From what mesenchyal tissue does the liver form?
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Ectoderm
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Describe the formation of the extrahepatic system?
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Diverticulum off developing cut forms extrahepatic system to meet up with the intrahepatic duct system developing in the liver to create a continuous system
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What are the functions of the liver?
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Synthesis, secretion, excretion, biotransformation, metabolism
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What is the covering of the liver?
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(Visceral peritoneum) Liver capsule - dense irregular CT w/ elastic fibers. It is continuous with the interlobular loose connective tissue
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Describe the general movement of blood through the lobule?
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From the periphery toward the central point of the lobule
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What is the path of blood flow in the liver?
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Interlobular vessels to sinusoids to central veins
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How are hepatocytes arranged in the liver?
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Plates/cords, each cell touches a sinusoid
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What is the function of a stellate macrophage?
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Detoxify blood (aka von Kupffer cells)
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What is the function of a fat storage cell?
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Store vit. a, produce reticulum hepatocyte growth factor -- repairs damaged liver (aka Ito cells)
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Where are fat storage cells located?
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Within perisinusoidal space
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In general how does bile flow?
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From the inside out
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What is the path of bile?
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Bile canaliculi, biliary ductules, interlobular bile ducts, intrahepatic ducts, extrahepatic ducts, hepatic duct, cystic duct, common bile duct, to duodenal papilla or gall bladder
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What is the portal canal and what is involved in it?
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In is an AREA of interlobular CTcontaining the portal triad, nerves, and small lymp vessels
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What is in the portal triad?
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Interlobular branches of bile duct, hepatic artery, and hepatic portal vein
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What nerve supply is there into the lobules?
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Only vasomotor nervous function, nothing else
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What arteries and veins supply the liver?
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Hepatic artery - oxygen
Portal vein - nutrient rich Hepatic vein - blood leaves liver |
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What are branches of the hepatic artery?
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Hepatic artery, lobar branches, interlobular branches, hepatic sinusoids
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What are branches of the portal vein?
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Hepatic portal vein, lobar branches, interlobular branches, hepatic sinusoids
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What is the flow of blood out of the liver?
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Central vein, sublobular veins, hepatic veins, caudal vena cava
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What does the "portal lobule" system show?
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bile movement
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what does the "hepatic acinus" lobule show?
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blood movement
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What are the functions of the gall bladder?
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stores, concentrates, acidifies, dilvers bile
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what is the innervation of the gallblader?
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autonomic - sympathetic and parasympathetic
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What is the pathway of bile from liver to gallbladder?
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hepatic ducts, common hepatic duct, cystic duct, gallbladder
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What is the pathway for bile to exit the gallbladder?
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Cystic duct, common bile duct, duodenum
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What is the effect of CCK?
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Causes sphincter relaxation and contraction of smooth muscle in gall bladder
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what species do not have a gall bladder?
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horse, rat, deer, camelids, pigeon
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what is unique about the gallbladder of carnivores?
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invaginations in tunica mucosa
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Define exocrine gland
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secretions via ducts
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define endocrine gland
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sectretions via blood or lymph
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Define autocrine
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Both secretory cell and target cel
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Define paracrine
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Near by cells are target
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Define endocrine
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secretion into area and taken up by blood to be transported to target area (hormones)
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How does a hydrophilc signaling molecule work?
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find target on cell surface; short half life (seconds to minutes)
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How does a hydrophobic signaling molecule work?
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crosses cell membrane of target - receptor may be on inside. half life hours to days
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What is a constitutive secretion?
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secretions at all times; not regulated
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what is a regulated secretion?
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requires a signal for release of material
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what is the most common structure type of exocrine glands?
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cord-type
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Describe the development of the pituitary gland.
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Down growth from brain meets upgrowth from roof of mouth, epithelial portion wraps around the neural portion
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What tissues make up the adenohypophysis?
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Pars distalis
Pars tuberalis Pars intermedia |
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What tissues make up the neurohypophysis?
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Pars nervosa
Infundibulum (stem, and median eminence) |
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In the pars distalis, what are acidophils?
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medium sized, granular cells that stain acidophilically
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In the pars distalis, what are basophils?
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Largest cells, have PAS positive granules; basophilic cytoplasm on H&E
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In the pars distalis, what are chromophobes?
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Small, round cells that stain poorly. Scant, agranular cytoplasm. cluster. may be exhausted chromophils or reservoir for chromophiles
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In the pars distalis, what do alpha cells do?
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Secrete growth hormone from somatotrophs and prolactin from mammotrophs
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In the pars distalis, what do basophil cells do?
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Secrete TSH (fromy thyrotrops), FSH (from gonadotrops), LH (from gonadotrops)
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In the pars distalis, what do POMC cells do?
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secrete proopiomelanocortin (POMC) - precursor to adenocorticotropin (ACTH), melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH), alpha endorphin, and beta lipotropic hormone
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Do cells migrate between the pars nervosa and intermedia?
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Yes; it is common
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What are characteristics of the pars tuberalis?
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highly vascularized, basophilic cells, follicles and cord structures
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What are the support cells of the pars nervosa?
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pituicytes - they ensheath the axons
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What components make up the pars nervosa?
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axons of neuronal cell bodies terminate on vessels with neuroseretory bodies; support cell pituicytes
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What do the axons in the pars nervosa release?
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oxytocin, ADH (vasopressin)
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Describe the hypopheseal portal system in the hypothalamus.
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axons terminate in the primary capillary plexus; inhibiting or releasing (on) hormones are carried by the hypophoseal portal system into pars distalis and the secondary capillary bed where hormones are released
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what are examples of hormones that are regulated by the releasing hormones or inhibiting hormones fo the hypothalamus?
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thyroid releasing hormone, corticotropin releasing hormone, somatotropin releasing hormone, gonadotropin releasing hormone, prolactin releasing hormone, and prolactin inhibitory factor
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What mesenchymal tissue is the adrenal gland derived from?
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Mesoderm - fetal adrenal cortex
Neural crest ectoderm - adrenal medulla |
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What type of tissue is the capsule of the adrenal gland?
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Dense CT; trabeculae of loose CT invades to the medulla
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What is the innervation of the adrenal gland?
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Parasympathetic and sympathetic -- sympathetic fibers go directly into adrenal medulla
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What are the 3 capillary beds of the adrenal gland?
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1. Subcapsular plexus - are within the capsule, drains into subcapsular veins
2. Cortical plexus - w/in cortex; extension of vessels drains into medulla 3. Directly through cortex to the medulla |
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What are the 3 zones of the adrenal gland?
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G, F, R
Glomerulosa, fasciculata, and reticularis |
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What do cells in the zona glomerulosa secrete?
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mineralcorticoids - maintains electrolyte balance
(aldosterone) increase Na and therefore water reabsorbtion |
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What do cells in the zona fasciculata secrete?
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Glucocorticoids - controls carb, lipid, and protein metabolism
(cortisol) increase blood glucose, decrease inflammatory responses (immune system), increase storage |
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What do cells in the zona reticularis secrete?
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Precursor hormones (sex hormones)
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What are the primary constituents of the adrenal medulla?
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Glandular cells (chormaffin), ganglion cells, venules, capillaries
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What are chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla?
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basophillic, "modified neural cells", secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine
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What are tumors of the adrenal medulla termed?
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pheochromocytomas
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What is the function of the pineal gland?
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"third eye" - light sensitive and sets circadian rhythms
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What do pinealocytes secrete?
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Melatonin - into ISF near vessels in response to darkness, controlled by norep.
Seratonin - taken up by presynaptic axon terminals, produced during light periods |
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What do normal ribbons in the pineal gland consist of?
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Microfilaments, microtubles, dense tubular structures
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What is brain sand?
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Concentric rings of calcium phosphates and carbonates found in the pineal gland
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What part of the pancreas has endocrine functions?
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Pancreatic islets (islets of langerhans)
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What do beta cells do? Where are they located? Are the granules alcohol soluble?
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Produce insulin; on the insides; yes
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How is insulin made?
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RER of B cells make pre-proinsulin, from which proinsulin is made. Golgi or storage granules use enzymes to cleave and thus activate to insulin.
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What do alpha cells do? Where are they located? Are the granules alcohol soluble?
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produce glucagon; around the periphery; no
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What do delta cells secrete?
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somatostatin; it inhibits B and A cells w/in the islets
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What is the size of insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin?
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51aa's or 6000 Da
29aa's or 35000da 14aa's or <2000da |
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What is the function of PP cells?
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secrete pancreatic polypeptides
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what is the function of gamma cells?
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secrete gastrin
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what is the function of a c cell in the pancreas?
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found in guinea pigs; unknown - could be effete A or B cells
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what is the function of the follicular cell?
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produce T3 and T4
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what is the functin of a parafollicular cell?
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secrete calcitonin
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How are T3 and T4 made?
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they are stored attached to thyroglobulin with iodine, TSH stimulates the removal of thyroglobulin and iodine and excretion of the T3/T4
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What is hyperthyroidism? who is it common in?
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excessive stimulation by TSH or a thyroid tumor; characterized by hyperactivity, weight loss, poor hair coat.
Common in cats. |
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What is hypothyroidism?
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Thyroid unable to respond to TSH -- can lead to goiter and autoimmune disease against thyroid; characterized by fatigue, low body temp, weight gain, poor coat.
Common in dogs. |
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What "class" of endocrine gland is the parathyroid?
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cord type
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What is the function of the Chief cell of the parathyroid?
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secrete PTH (calcium and phosphorus regulation - increase blood calcium)
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what kinds of chief cells are there in the parathyroid gland?
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Light - inactive
Dark - active |
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What are oxyphil cells?
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large, granular, acidophilic cells; are thought to be derived from cheif cells
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What are APUD cells?
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amine precursor uptake decarboxylase; secrete paracine and regular hormones
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What are eicosanoids?
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hormones derived from arachidonic acid; include
prostaglandin (PG), thromboxane (TX), leukotriene (LT), hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (HETE), and hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acic (HPETE) |
