Microanatomy 2-5 Respiratory System

Front 1

List the layers of the generic respiratory tract from inside to outside:

Back 1

"E-L-M_S-C-A; epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis, submucosa, cartilage, adventitia

Front 2

vibrissae

Back 2

nasal cavity vestibule; short hairs that filter out large particles

Front 3

the nasal cavity is lined by _____ epithelium that transitions to
______ epithelium.

Back 3

non-keratinized stratified squamous, respiratory

Front 4

Most of the nasal cavity, the air sinuses, and the nasopharynx, are covered by _____ epithelium. Immediately deep to the epithelium is a _____ that connects to the bone and contains distended veins (swell bodies), arteries and mucoserous glands.

Back 4

respiratory, lamina propria

Front 5

The upper third of the nasal cavity is lined _____ epithelium, a variation on the typical respiratory epithelium where the sense of smell is located.

Back 5

olfactory

Front 6

olfactory epihelium

Back 6

Extremely thick layer of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Front 7

Olfactory (Bowman’s) glands

Back 7

glands in the lamina propria that releases a serous fluid to dissolve and bind oderant molecules.

Front 8

olfactory cells

Back 8

bipolar sensory nerve cells with an apical *olfactory vessicle* projection sprouting modified cilia

Front 9

olfactory cilia

Back 9

non-motile, fnx as odor receptors

Front 10

Olfactory epithelial Brush Cells are ____ cells.

Back 10

sensory

Front 11

Basal cells compirse the ____ cell population.

Back 11

stem

Front 12

The epiglottis is at the junction between the oral cavity and the ______.

Back 12

larynx

Front 13

The epiglottis has both _____ (oral) and _____ (larynx) epithelium covering a core of _____ cartilage with many muco-serous glands in the _____.

Back 13

stratified squamous, respiratory, elastic, lamina propria

Front 14

The ____ vocal fold is the more inferior of the two and a space between the true and false folds, the ventricle, helps create resonance.

Back 14

true

Front 15

The false fold has _____ epithelium covering somewhat loose connective tissue with adipocytes.

Back 15

respiratory

Front 16

The true fold has______ epithelium covering a core of dense connective tissue

Back 16

stratified squamous

Front 17

Prolonged, violent coughing and irritation can cause the respiratory epithelium to undergo *Metaplasia into _____ epithelium.

Back 17

stratified squamous; If prolonged, permanent dysplasia can occur, potentially leading to squamous cell lung carcinoma.

Front 18

C-shaped _____ cartilages hold the airway open. Their open end is bridged by a sheet of smooth muscle and ______ connective tissue.

Back 18

hyaline, fibroelastic

Front 19

_____ cells and the ______ glands release mucous into the airway where it traps small particulate matter.

Back 19

goblet, mucosal; chronic irritation of the airways causes the goblet cell number to increase

Front 20

_____ cells sweep the mucous towards the oropharynx to be swallowed or expectorated.

Back 20

ciliated

Front 21

All bronchi are lined by _____ epithelium with ____ cells and seromucous glands

Back 21

respiratory, goblet

Front 22

asthma

Back 22

Excessive constriction of bronchiolar smooth muscle. Associated with difficult air expiration, mucus accumulation in airways, & inflammatory cell infiltration. Often progressive & associated with allergic reactions since allergens can cause mast cell release of histamine & heparin.

Front 23

asthma is treated with______

Back 23

bronchiolar smooth muscle relaxants such as epinephrine & isoproterenol

Front 24

A primary bronchus delivers air to each _____ and then splits into a secondary (to each _____) and tertiary (to each _____) bronchi.

Back 24

lung, lobe, bronchopulmonary segment

Front 25

The walls of the bronchi have a substantial amount of _____ that regulates the diameter of the airway.

Back 25

smooth muscle; as the bronchi progress into the lungs the cartilage rings become irregular cartilage plates.

Front 26

Bronchioles are lined by _____ epithelium, but as the passageways get smaller, the epithelium becomes more ____.

Back 26

respiratory, cuboidal; Goblet cells gradually disappear & bronchiolar exocrine cells start appearing in the smaller passages until there are no more goblet cells.

Front 27

do bronchioles have cartilage plates?

Back 27

nope

Front 28

bronchiolar exocrine cells (Clara cells)

Back 28

Non-ciliated, domed, cuboidal cells that line the bronchioles.
Secrete glycosaminoglycans that prevent collapse of the smaller airways and release ions into the lumen.

Front 29

cystic fibrosis

Back 29

disease in which the mucous in the airways (and other organs) is abnormally thick and viscous. Caused by a mutation in the CTFR gene that encodes a Cl- pump. The lack of chloride ions in the airway also creates a lack of H20, which normally follows the ions osmotically which makes the mucous thick

Front 30

terminal bronchioles

Back 30

simple cuboidal epithelium; contain smooth muscle; no cartilage; no goblet cells; contain bronchiolar exocrine cells; no pneumocytes

Front 31

Why are they called "terminal" bronchioles?

Back 31

end of the conducting airway

Front 32

Gas exchange occurs in _____ bronchioles, alveolar _____, alveolar______ and _____.

Back 32

respiratory, ducts, sacs and aveoli

Front 33

respiratory bronchioles

Back 33

simple cuboidal lining of ciliated and bronchiolar exocrine cells. smooth muscle and elastic fibers in mucosa, which are interrupted by alveoli; no goblet cells; have pneumocytes

Front 34

alveolar ducts

Back 34

simple squamous epithelium consisting of type I & II pneumocytes; contain smooth muscle in mucosa; no ciliated or bronchiolar exocrine cells; **last portion of respiratory system containing smooth muscle

Front 35

alveoli

Back 35

Terminal air spaces where gas exchange occurs btw air and blood; walls that contain elastic and reticular fibers. Lined by type I and type II pneumocytes

Front 36

type I pneumocytes

Back 36

40% of pneumocyte population but they cover ~ 95% of alveolar surface; simple squamous cells that are very flat and allow gas diffusion to occur through their cytoplasm.
**Not able to divide.

Front 37

type II pneumocytes

Back 37

cuboidal cells; 60% of pneumocyte population but only 5% of alveolar surface area. **Can divide & regenerate BOTH types of pneumocytes.

Front 38

pulmonary surfactant

Back 38

type II pneumocytes contain lamellar bodies which are released as pulmonary surfactant. Surfactant reduces surface tension to facilitate expansion during inspiration and prevent collapse in expiration.

Front 39

interalveolar septa

Back 39

Contain continuous capillaries that exchange O2 from the alveoli for CO2 from the blood.

Front 40

blood gas barrier

Back 40

Thinnest regions are 0.2 µm or less in thickness.
Three layers:
-type I pneumocyte and surfactant layer
-basal lamina of pneumocytes & capillary endothelial cells fuse
-capillary endothelium

Front 41

Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Back 41

premature infants who lack adequate amounts of surfactant. Type II pneumocytes do not produce it until the 35th week of gestation.

Front 42

In Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome, ______ can be administered before birth to induce surfactant synthesis.

Back 42

glucocorticoids

Front 43

What are the two forms of emphysema?

Back 43

-Genetic deficiency in the enzyme α1 antitrypsin, which protects elastic tissue from macrophage activity.
-Acquired from smoking or other inhaled substances that inhibit α1 antitrypsin.

Front 44

alveolar macrophages (dust cells)

Back 44

phagocytic; clean up ultra-fine debris from the alveolar spaces and elsewhere in the airway.
Full alveolar macrophages migrate into the lumen and are transported up the “mucociliary escalator” to the pharynx.
Inflammatory conditions and different heart conditions can cause an increase in macrophage number and activity