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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
3 lens and their functions for compound light microscopy
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Condenser lens:
-focuses light onto plane of specimen Objective lens: -picks up from specimen, focused on focal plane where it is magnified. Ocular lens: -magnifies image from objective focal plane |
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Magnification
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Objective X Ocular lens
magnification for a 10X objective lens and typical 10 X ocular lensmagnification: 10 X 10 = 100 X |
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Resolution
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The minimum distance b/w 2 distinguishable objects
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Ways to change the resoultion
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(want to decrease D) by changing alpha or angular aperture (moving objetive lens closer to specimen), using oil (refractive index N is 1.5 for oil) or using blue light
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Difference b/w air and oil for microscopic resolution
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Air has a N=1 and maximum resolution is 0.3 micro meters
for oil N=1.5 and you can get 0.2 micro meters |
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The limit of resolution by light
microscopy is ________ , regardless of the magnification |
0.2 µm
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Electron microscopy (EM) vs LM
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TEM resolution is as little as 1 nano meter and resolving power is 200x better than LM
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TEM and SEM are used to reveal cell and tissue____
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ultrastructures
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The thickness of tissue thin sections for light microscopy is usually 4-5 µm so that each section encompasses ___ layer (s) of cells
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a single
layer of cells in the tissue |
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Examples of basophilic cells
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DNA and RNA (due to phosph ion)
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Electron Micrograph of cell
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Electron micrograph of cell
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Haemotoxylin and Eosin (H&E)
color and pH properties |
-Haemotoxylin is blue
and basic so it binds to negative ions -Eosin is pink and is acidic so binds to positively charged structures |
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Acidophilic structures
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collagen, cytoplasm, eosinophilic granules
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Major cellular components seen clearly with light microscope
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plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, nucleoli
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Protiens suspended or intrinsic to phospholibid bilayer are (stationary/fluid) and (rigid/flexibile)
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Fluid and flexible
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Plasma Membrane is made of
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Protiens (1/2 total mass) and glycocalyx
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Types of membrane proteins
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intrinsic and extrinsic
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Glycocalyx description
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carbohydrate layer that covers external membrane composed of glycoproteins and glycolipids
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Glycocalyx functions
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plasma membrane component that aids in cell recognition intercellular adhesion, and mechanical and chemical protection of brush border
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Histones
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nucleoproteins include these small positively charged proteins that control extent of DNA coiling
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Two types of DNA chromatin
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Heterochromatin and Euchromatin
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How to distinguish heterochromatin and euchromatin
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hetero- tightly coiled, inactive chromatin, DARK irregular clumps
Eu- LIGHTly staining chromatin made up of the DNA being actively transcribed to make mRNA |
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ultra structure of nucleus in TEM
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Ultra structure of nucleus in TEM -notice euchromatin being lighter and heterochromatin being darker
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In a H&E stained slide what color would you expect nucleus to be?
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Dark Blue
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Smooth ER
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vesicles or cisternae
prominent in liver and cells than are involved in lipid and steroid synthesis STEROID- LIPIDS stores Ca |
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Rough ER
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has RIBOSOMES on flattened membrane of vesicles and cisternae-- site of PROTEIN SYNTHESIS, protien folding and where glycosylation
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Where is portein glycosylation intiated?
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rER
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Ribosome fx
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Site of protien synthesis (made up of proteins and rRNA)
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Golgi structure
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stacked saccules with peripheral dialations
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Golgi's functional polarity membrane flow is made up of what two faces? How do you distinguish the faces?
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Immature (Cis= convex)- where transfer vesicles arrive
Mature (trans= concave side) where secretory vesicles bud from Golgi |
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Golgi funcitons
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maturation of various proteins, packaging secretory vesicles
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Mitochandria basics
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contain DNA for synthesis of (mitochondrial specific) enzymes, making enzymes of TCA cycle
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Relationship b/w cell energy and number of mitochondria found in cell
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Cells with high energy requirements have more mitochondria (skin is stationary so has less and muscle cell has the most even over nerve cell)
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Functional relationship between Golgi and ER
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Functional relationship between Golgi and ER
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Lysosomes
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vesicles filled wiht acidic hydrolytic enzymes
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Three types of lysosoomes
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primary (the ones budding off Golgi)
seconary (primary fused iwht endosomes Autophagosomes -lysosomes that have fused with worn out organelles |
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Secondary lysosomes are also called and can be distinugished from primary because
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endolysosomes or phagolysosomes
distinguish bc they have more stuff in tehm more material inside lysosome |
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Endocytosis
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invagination at the cell surface-formation of an endosome (pino= fluids and phago=particles) and can have receptor mediated endocytosis
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Exocytosis
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Intracellular vesicle binds to cell membrane fuses and opens
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Peroxisomes
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Found in liver and kidneys and just like lysosomes but derived from rER instead of Golgi
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Cytoskeleton
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organized as microfilaments or microtubules and helps cell maintain shape and move and faciliates division and transport or attachment
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microtubules
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pipe-like organization of end-end units of tubulin
PIPE like structure |
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Centriole structure
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contian 9 sets of microtubule organized pipe like
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Cilia and flagella
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9 sets of doublets surrounding pair of single microtubules for movement
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Various lysosomes
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Notice primary and secondary differences
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Filaments of cells
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Thin (micro) Intermediate and Thick
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Examlples of three types of filaments
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thin= actin
intermediate= desmin, keratin, vimentin thick= myosin |
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How melanocytes appear on H&E stain
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brown in color
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Review major processes during cell cycle phases
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prophase-migration of centrioles
metaphase-chromatin on equatorial plate anaphase/karyokinesis-sister chromatids separate and migrate towards poles telo- reorganize cytokinesis- cleavage furrow and division |
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cell cycle
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cell cycle
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phases
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phases
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