Microanat Cytology, Cell Structures, Intro Vocab

Front 1

3 lens and their functions for compound light microscopy

Back 1

•Condenser lens:
-focuses light onto plane of specimen
Objective lens:
-picks up from specimen, focused on focal plane where it is magnified.
Ocular lens:
-magnifies image from objective focal plane

Front 2

Magnification

Back 2

Objective X Ocular lens
magnification
for a 10X objective lens and typical 10 X ocular lensmagnification:
10 X 10 = 100 X

Front 3

Resolution

Back 3

The minimum distance b/w 2 distinguishable objects

Front 4

Ways to change the resoultion

Back 4

(want to decrease D) by changing alpha or angular aperture (moving objetive lens closer to specimen), using oil (refractive index N is 1.5 for oil) or using blue light

Front 5

Difference b/w air and oil for microscopic resolution

Back 5

Air has a N=1 and maximum resolution is 0.3 micro meters
for oil N=1.5 and you can get 0.2 micro meters

Front 6

The limit of resolution by light
microscopy is
________
, regardless of the
magnification

Back 6

0.2 µm

Front 7

Electron microscopy (EM) vs LM

Back 7

TEM resolution is as little as 1 nano meter and resolving power is 200x better than LM

Front 8

TEM and SEM are used to reveal cell and tissue____

Back 8

ultrastructures

Front 9

The thickness of tissue thin sections for light microscopy is usually 4-5 µm so that each section encompasses ___ layer (s) of cells

Back 9

a single
layer of cells
in the tissue

Front 10

Examples of basophilic cells

Back 10

DNA and RNA (due to phosph ion)

Front 11

Electron Micrograph of cell

Back 11

Electron micrograph of cell

Front 12

Haemotoxylin and Eosin (H&E)
color and pH properties

Back 12

-Haemotoxylin is blue
and basic so it binds to negative ions
-Eosin is pink and is
acidic so binds to positively
charged structures

Front 13

Acidophilic structures

Back 13

collagen, cytoplasm, eosinophilic granules

Front 14

Major cellular components seen clearly with light microscope

Back 14

plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, nucleoli

Front 15

Protiens suspended or intrinsic to phospholibid bilayer are (stationary/fluid) and (rigid/flexibile)

Back 15

Fluid and flexible

Front 16

Plasma Membrane is made of

Back 16

Protiens (1/2 total mass) and glycocalyx

Front 17

Types of membrane proteins

Back 17

intrinsic and extrinsic

Front 18

Glycocalyx description

Back 18

carbohydrate layer that covers external membrane composed of glycoproteins and glycolipids

Front 19

Glycocalyx functions

Back 19

plasma membrane component that aids in cell recognition intercellular adhesion, and mechanical and chemical protection of brush border

Front 20

Histones

Back 20

nucleoproteins include these small positively charged proteins that control extent of DNA coiling

Front 21

Two types of DNA chromatin

Back 21

Heterochromatin and Euchromatin

Front 22

How to distinguish heterochromatin and euchromatin

Back 22

hetero- tightly coiled, inactive chromatin, DARK irregular clumps
Eu- LIGHTly staining chromatin made up of the DNA being actively transcribed to make mRNA

Front 23

ultra structure of nucleus in TEM

Back 23

Ultra structure of nucleus in TEM -notice euchromatin being lighter and heterochromatin being darker

Front 24

In a H&E stained slide what color would you expect nucleus to be?

Back 24

Dark Blue

Front 25

Smooth ER

Back 25

vesicles or cisternae
prominent in liver and cells than are involved in lipid and steroid synthesis
STEROID- LIPIDS
stores Ca

Front 26

Rough ER

Back 26

has RIBOSOMES on flattened membrane of vesicles and cisternae-- site of PROTEIN SYNTHESIS, protien folding and where glycosylation

Front 27

Where is portein glycosylation intiated?

Back 27

rER

Front 28

Ribosome fx

Back 28

Site of protien synthesis (made up of proteins and rRNA)

Front 29

Golgi structure

Back 29

stacked saccules with peripheral dialations

Front 30

Golgi's functional polarity membrane flow is made up of what two faces? How do you distinguish the faces?

Back 30

Immature (Cis= convex)- where transfer vesicles arrive
Mature (trans= concave side) where secretory vesicles bud from Golgi

Front 31

Golgi funcitons

Back 31

maturation of various proteins, packaging secretory vesicles

Front 32

Mitochandria basics

Back 32

contain DNA for synthesis of (mitochondrial specific) enzymes, making enzymes of TCA cycle

Front 33

Relationship b/w cell energy and number of mitochondria found in cell

Back 33

Cells with high energy requirements have more mitochondria (skin is stationary so has less and muscle cell has the most even over nerve cell)

Front 34

Functional relationship between Golgi and ER

Back 34

Functional relationship between Golgi and ER

Front 35

Lysosomes

Back 35

vesicles filled wiht acidic hydrolytic enzymes

Front 36

Three types of lysosoomes

Back 36

primary (the ones budding off Golgi)
seconary (primary fused iwht endosomes
Autophagosomes -lysosomes that have fused with worn out organelles

Front 37

Secondary lysosomes are also called and can be distinugished from primary because

Back 37

endolysosomes or phagolysosomes

distinguish bc they have more stuff in tehm more material inside lysosome

Front 38

Endocytosis

Back 38

invagination at the cell surface-formation of an endosome (pino= fluids and phago=particles) and can have receptor mediated endocytosis

Front 39

Exocytosis

Back 39

Intracellular vesicle binds to cell membrane fuses and opens

Front 40

Peroxisomes

Back 40

Found in liver and kidneys and just like lysosomes but derived from rER instead of Golgi

Front 41

Cytoskeleton

Back 41

organized as microfilaments or microtubules and helps cell maintain shape and move and faciliates division and transport or attachment

Front 42

microtubules

Back 42

pipe-like organization of end-end units of tubulin
PIPE like structure

Front 43

Centriole structure

Back 43

contian 9 sets of microtubule organized pipe like

Front 44

Cilia and flagella

Back 44

9 sets of doublets surrounding pair of single microtubules for movement

Front 45

Various lysosomes

Back 45

Notice primary and secondary differences

Front 46

Filaments of cells

Back 46

Thin (micro) Intermediate and Thick

Front 47

Examlples of three types of filaments

Back 47

thin= actin
intermediate= desmin, keratin, vimentin
thick= myosin

Front 48

How melanocytes appear on H&E stain

Back 48

brown in color

Front 49

Review major processes during cell cycle phases

Back 49

prophase-migration of centrioles
metaphase-chromatin on equatorial plate
anaphase/karyokinesis-sister chromatids separate and migrate towards poles
telo- reorganize
cytokinesis- cleavage furrow and division

Front 50

cell cycle

Back 50

cell cycle

Front 51

phases

Back 51

phases