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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Beta-oxidation
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Beta
oxidation is a catabolic reaction in which fatty acids are oxidized to two-carbon molecules. These can then feed into various pathways for energy production and/or anabolism. However, the beta oxidation process does not yield ATP directly. Rather, it requires an input of energy to commence |
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Sulfate reducers do what?
Can reduce what that is of importance? |
H2 + SO4 -> H2S + H2O will also use organic carbon (ex Acetate) and convert into CO2. Some will convert CO2 back into organic compounds but not a substantial amount as to be termed primary producers.. some can reduce metals as electron acceptors
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What do Methanogenesis, Acetogenesis, and Denitrification have in common?
Fermentation..? |
All use inorganic molecules as electron acceptors to drive ATP synthesis in the form of ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION. Fermentations can generate ATP via substrate-level phosphorylation
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Methanogens make what from what?
Deposits of methane made from? |
Make organic carbon from CO2, namely methane CH4. Some methanogens can make methane from acetate.
Deposits of methane made from methanogens! |
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Acetogens use what as electron acceptor? and make?
Mode of growth? Why called homoacetogens? What does it make to get more ATP? |
Use CO2 and H2 (electron donor) to make acetate.. organic compound. Mode of growth is fermentation.
Homoacetogens because nothing but acetate. In order to make ATP, they oxidize pyruvate to make Acetyl-CoA (a high enegy intermediate) |
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Universal chemiosmotic mechanism?
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Proton motive force really.
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Sulfide is found... above them the ____ use the H2S too
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Black mud is because of the smelly Sulfides that bind to the iron. Green Sulfur Bacteria (phototrophs) use the H2S above black layer iron as acceptor in photosynthesis H2S + CO2 + H2O -> CH2O + SO4
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Hydrogenosome is like a mitochondria where ______ use the ______
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Carry out fermentation on things like cellulose broken down into monomers like glucose where methanogens use H2.
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Fermenters known as syntrophs do what for metanogens? since
No methanogens can use higher acids (other than acetate) like propionate and butyrate.. |
A process where two or more microoganisms cooperate to degrade a substance. Methanogens use H2 from fermenters. Fermentors can't make ATP unless have methanogens using hydrogens (or sulfate reducers too)
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Most fermentors don't have what membrane/periplasm proteins?
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Cytochromes or quinones.
Homoacetogens although DO have cytochromes and quinones and superimpose a chemiosmotic mechanism (basically a kind of respiration) explained by all ATP is produced. |
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THF stands for and is?
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Tetrahydrofolate is a coenzyme.
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Beta-oxidation
|
Beta
oxidation is a catabolic reaction in which fatty acids are oxidized to two-carbon molecules. These can then feed into various pathways for energy production and/or anabolism. However, the beta oxidation process does not yield ATP directly. Rather, it requires an input of energy to commence |
|
|
diagnostic characteristic of methanogens is?
Methanogens don't have? |
flourescence of F420 that is an electron carrier (instead of NAD) coenzyme.
They don't have tetrahydrofolate THF to serve as c1 carrier co-enzyme (they have three unique). and they are called formyl -methanofurane requires H2 and reduced ferrodoxin. Transfer of formyl to diff co enzyme. Tetrahydromethanofurna THMP. and Methyl coenzymeS-M. |
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Sulfate reducers do what?
Can reduce what that is of importance? |
H2 + SO4 -> H2S + H2O will also use organic carbon (ex Acetate) and convert into CO2. Some will convert CO2 back into organic compounds but not a substantial amount as to be termed primary producers.. some can reduce metals as electron acceptors
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Last reduction step in methanogenesis is interesting and important, why?
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IMportant in energy conservation. HS-Methyl CoM + HSCoB... get heterodisulfide bond made up of two coenzyme to make CoB-S-S-CoM
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diagnostic characteristic of methanogens is?
Methanogens don't have? |
flourescence of F420 that is an electron carrier (instead of NAD) coenzyme.
They don't have tetrahydrofolate THF to serve as c1 carrier co-enzyme (they have three unique). and they are called formyl -methanofurane requires H2 and reduced ferrodoxin. Transfer of formyl to diff co enzyme. Tetrahydromethanofurna THMP. and Methyl coenzymeS-M. |
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What do Methanogenesis, Acetogenesis, and Denitrification have in common?
Fermentation..? |
All use inorganic molecules as electron acceptors to drive ATP synthesis in the form of ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION. Fermentations can generate ATP via substrate-level phosphorylation
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Methylotrophs/Methanotrophs
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Distinct from methanogens but is another example of C1 metabolism. Using C1 compounds as electron DONORS (vs methanogens using them as C1 ACCEPTORS) using homologous enzymes and same coenzymes as methanogens. Methanol --> CO2 or Methane --> CO2.
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Last reduction step in methanogenesis is interesting and important, why?
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IMportant in energy conservation. HS-Methyl CoM + HSCoB... get heterodisulfide bond made up of two coenzyme to make CoB-S-S-CoM
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Methanogens make what from what?
Deposits of methane made from? |
Make organic carbon from CO2, namely methane CH4. Some methanogens can make methane from acetate.
Deposits of methane made from methanogens! |
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Fermentation vs Respiration (order of max energy ->minimum)
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Fermentation, only SLevelPhosphorlation. e- and H+ passed from pathway intermediate to form end products (internal electron acceptor) vs Respiration with external electron acceptors. O2, SO4, NO3, NO4,CO2.
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Cellulosomes
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When bacteria secrete enzymes to break down cellulose, will have cellulosomes (big clusters of enzymes)
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Acetogens use what as electron acceptor? and make?
Mode of growth? Why called homoacetogens? What does it make to get more ATP? |
Use CO2 and H2 (electron donor) to make acetate.. organic compound. Mode of growth is fermentation.
Homoacetogens because nothing but acetate. In order to make ATP, they oxidize pyruvate to make Acetyl-CoA (a high enegy intermediate) |
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Fermentation vs Respiration (order of max energy ->minimum)
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Fermentation, only SLevelPhosphorlation. e- and H+ passed from pathway intermediate to form end products (internal electron acceptor) vs Respiration with external electron acceptors. O2, SO4, NO3, NO4,CO2.
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Cellulose degraded in presence of O2...
Cellulose degraded in absence of O2 |
Final state CO2 +H2O
Final state CO2 + CH4 |
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Universal chemiosmotic mechanism?
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Proton motive force really.
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Two phases in cellulose decomposition
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1. Depolymerization and fermentation of cellulose to simiple organic acids and H2 (and CO2)
2. Methanogenesis |
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Sulfide is found... above them the ____ use the H2S too
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Black mud is because of the smelly Sulfides that bind to the iron. Green Sulfur Bacteria (phototrophs) use the H2S above black layer iron as acceptor in photosynthesis H2S + CO2 + H2O -> CH2O + SO4
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Three types of organisms (ecophysiological groups) of bacteria in anaerobic decomposition.
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1. Fermentative bacteria
2. Syntrophic H2- producing acetogenic bacteria 3. Methanogenic bacteria (methanogens) |
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Hydrogenosome is like a mitochondria where ______ use the ______
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Carry out fermentation on things like cellulose broken down into monomers like glucose where methanogens use H2.
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fermenters and sulfate reducers
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You find in anaerobic areas with sulfide with Propionate Fatty acids Lactate, Alcohols, andaromatic compounds. If no sulfide, then the methanogens step in.
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Two phases in cellulose decomposition
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1. Depolymerization and fermentation of cellulose to simiple organic acids and H2 (and CO2)
2. Methanogenesis |
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|
Fermenters known as syntrophs do what for metanogens? since
No methanogens can use higher acids (other than acetate) like propionate and butyrate.. |
A process where two or more microoganisms cooperate to degrade a substance. Methanogens use H2 from fermenters. Fermentors can't make ATP unless have methanogens using hydrogens (or sulfate reducers too)
|
|
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Most fermentors don't have what membrane/periplasm proteins?
|
Cytochromes or quinones.
Homoacetogens although DO have cytochromes and quinones and superimpose a chemiosmotic mechanism (basically a kind of respiration) explained by all ATP is produced. |
|
|
THF stands for and is?
|
Tetrahydrofolate is a coenzyme.
|
|
|
diagnostic characteristic of methanogens is?
|
flourescence of F420 that is an electron carrier (instead of NAD) coenzyme.
|
|
|
Methanogens don't have?
|
They don't have tetrahydrofolate THF to serve as c1 carrier co-enzyme (they have three unique). and they are called formyl -methanofurane requires H2 and reduced ferrodoxin. Transfer of formyl to diff co enzyme. Tetrahydromethanofurna THMP. and Methyl coenzymeS-M.
|
|
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Last reduction step in methanogenesis is interesting and important, why?
|
IMportant in energy conservation. HS-Methyl CoM + HSCoB... get heterodisulfide bond made up of two coenzyme to make CoB-S-S-CoM
|
|
|
Methylotrophs/Methanotrophs
|
Distinct from methanogens but is another example of C1 metabolism. Using C1 compounds as electron DONORS (vs methanogens using them as C1 ACCEPTORS) using homologous enzymes and same coenzymes as methanogens. Methanol --> CO2 or Methane --> CO2.
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fermenters and sulfate reducers
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You find in anaerobic areas with sulfide with Propionate Fatty acids Lactate, Alcohols, andaromatic compounds. If no sulfide, then the methanogens step in.
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Two phases in cellulose decomposition
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1. Depolymerization and fermentation of cellulose to simiple organic acids and H2 (and CO2) 2. Methanogenesis
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Three types of organisms (ecophysiological groups) of bacteria in anaerobic decomposition.
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1. Fermentative bacteria 2. Syntrophic H2- producing acetogenic bacteria 3. Methanogenic bacteria (methanogens)
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Cellulosomes
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When bacteria secrete enzymes to break down cellulose, will have cellulosomes (big clusters of enzymes)
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Fermentation vs Respiration (order of max energy ->minimum)
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Fermentation, only SLevelPhosphorlation. e- and H+ passed from pathway intermediate to form end products (internal electron acceptor) vs Respiration with external electron acceptors. O2, SO4, NO3, NO4,CO2.
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