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167 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cattle, Sheep, Goats: shipping fever pneunomia; calf pneumonia
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Pasteurella multocida type A
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Cattle: Hemorrhagic septicemia
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Pasteurella multocida type B,E
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Atrophic rhinitis
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Pasteurella multocida type D
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*Goats: most common organism in Resp Dz; also: Dairy: Chronic Respiratory dz; Feeder lambs:: Setpticemia;
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Bibersteinia trehalosi
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*Cattle, Sheep: Most important Bacterial organism in Respiratory Dz; Sheep: also Mastitis
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Mannheimia hemolytica
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Ruminants: Wooden tongue
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Actinobacilllus ligniersii
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Horses: Sleepy Foal Dz, Equulosis, & *Shigellosis in foals;;Verminous arteritis in aduts
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Actinobacilllus equuli
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CPPP
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Actinobacilllus pleuropneumoniae
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Pigs: Septicemia in piglets, Older pigs ~APP; pigs >3 mos = arthritis, pneumonia, skin lesions
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Actinobacilllus suis
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Laying hens: salpingitis, peritonitis
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Actinobacilllus salpingitis
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Cattle: Epididymitis, abortions
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Actinobacillus seminis
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Humans: Endocarditis, miningitis, osteomyelitis, pericardial dz
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Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomintans
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Pigs: Glassers Dz
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Haemophilus parasuis
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Chickens: Fowl coryza
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Haemophilus paragallinarum
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TEME, septicemia, *Respiratory dz
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Histophilus somni
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Humans: 2nd leading cause ob bacterial meningitis; RTI, cellulitis, otitis media
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Haemophilus influenzae
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Contagious Equine Metritis
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Taylorella equigenitalis
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Pigs: Role in atrophic rihinitis, severe lung dz in piglets; Dogs: Kennel Cough; Cats: RTI, Rhinotracheitits, bronchopneumonia; Rabbits: Snuffles-like dz; Seals: Resp Dz
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Bordetella bronchiseptica
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Turkeys: Coryza, Rhinotracheitits
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Bordetella avium
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Humans: Whooping Cough "Pertussis"
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Bordetella pertussis
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Cattle: IBK/Pinkeye
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Moraxella bovis/bivoculi
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Humans: previous cause of Pinkeye
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Moraxella lacunata
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Humans: Otitis media, RTIs
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Moraxella
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contaminant
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Alkaligenes
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Humans: Nosocomial infections, Animals: occasional UTIs
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Acinetobacter
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Ruminants: Aphosphorosus; Horses: Forage poisoning; Avian: Limberneck
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Clostridium botulinum
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Dairy: Hemorrhagic Bowel dz; Sheep: Yellow Lamb dz; Humans: Gas gangrene
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Clostridium perfringens type A
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Lamb dyensentery & Hemorrhagic enteritis
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Clostridium perfringens type B
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Claves & Piglets (1-5 d age): Enterotoxemia
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Clostridium perfringens type C
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Sheep: Enterotoxemia (Overating dz, Pulpy kidney dz)
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Clostridium perfringens type D
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Ruminants: Blackleg
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Clostridium chauvoei
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Animals, Humans: Malignant Edema; Sheep: Braxy
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Clostridium septicum
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Mixed infections
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Clostridium sordelli
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Sheep: Big-head in Rams
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Clostridium novyi type A
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Black dz
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Clostridium novyi type B
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Redwater dz
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Clostridium hemolyticum
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Rodents: Tyzzer's Dz
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Clostridium piliforme
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Rodents: Abscessing pneumonia, conjuncitivits, & Mastitis
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Pasteurella pneumontropica
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Quail dz; Ulcerative colitis
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Clostridium collinum
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Humans: Enteritis; pigs = source of infeciton
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Campylobacter coli
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Pigs: Mesocolinic Edema in piglets; Horses: Acute colitis, foals <2 wks = reservoir; Humans: Pseudomembranous colitis
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Clostridium difficile
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Cattle, Sheep; Vibriosis, early abortion/embryonic death; infertility
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Campylobacter fetus subsp venerealis
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Sheep: Last trimester aboritons, occas in cattle
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Campylobacter fetus subsp fetus
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contaminant
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Campylobacter sputorum
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Pigs, Horses; PE; Hamsters: Wet tail
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Lawsonia intracellularis
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Humans: Cholera
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Vibrio cholerae
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Humans: cooked shellfish poisoning; Japan
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Vibrio parahemolyticus
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Cattle, Sheep: Foot Rot; Sheep: Ovine interdigital dermatitis; Horses: Thrush, Quittor, ulcerative dermatitis
Routeinely foudn in post-partum metritis in Dairy |
Fusobacterium necrophorum
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Sheep: Contagious Foot Rot
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Dichelobacter nodosus
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Cattle: Last trimester abortions, Bulls: Decr fertility; Also horses: fistulous withers; YELLOWSTONE; Humans: Undulant Fever
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Brucella abortus
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Goats, Humans: Malta fever
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Brucella melitensis
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Dog: Persistent bacteremia; Males: epididymitis & testicular atrophy
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Brucella canis
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Sterility, still births, weak piglets
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Brucella suis
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Rams: Contagious Epididymitis
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Brucella ovis
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Brucella in whales, dolphin
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Brucella maris
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Epsilon toxin
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Clostridium perfringens type D
requires cleavage of prototoxin by trypsin |
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Lecinthinase C
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Clostridium hemolyticum
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Protease
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Dichelobacter nodosus
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Leukotoxin
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Fusbcaterium necrophorum, Mannheimia hemolytica (RTX)
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Cholera toxin
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Vibrio cholerae
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Alpha toxin
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Clostridium perfringens type A
massive IV hemolysis |
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Beta toxin
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Clostridium perfringenes type C
inactivated by trypsin milk/colostrum contain trypsin inhibitors --> infection |
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Tetanospasmin
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Clostridium tetani
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Animals, Humans: Lock Jaw
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Clostridium tetani
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dermonecrotoxin, others: adenylate cyclase, Histamine sensitizing factor, filamentous hemagglutinin, fimbrial adhesions
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Bordetella bornchiseptica
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Endotoxin, LOS
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Histophilus somni
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APX 1,2,3
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Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia
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RTX leukotoxin (Aqx)
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Actinobacillus equuli
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Cytotoxin
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Pasteruella multocida type D
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Sheep: Abortions (~CFF); Humans: Enteritis; Guillain-Barre Syndrome
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Campylobacter jejuni
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Avian: "Fowl Cholera"; Rabbits: Chronic Respiratory Dz
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Pasteurella multocida
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Path: H. somni
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Histophilus somni is found in the URT of cattle. During conditions of stress (cold, wet, changeable weather, shipping, concurrent viral or bacterial infections) the organism enters the LRT and produces pneumonia. The organism can also gain entry to the blood via monocytes and from there it may infect joints, pericardium and other sites.
The Endotoxin (LOS) of H. somni may induce apoptosis of vascular endothelial cells and the resulting damage may lead to TEME. The organism has at least one Fc-receptor protein on its surface that interferes with the host immune response. It also releases adenine, guanine and GMP which may inhibit phagosome-lysosome fusion. |
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Path: Bordetellosis in turkey poults
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Bordetella avium is spread through the water and respiratory secretions and establishes an infection in the trachea of turkey poults. The organism damages the ciliated tracheal epithelium. Secondary invaders such as E. coli can then enter the respiratory tract. If the turkey poults are less than 2 weeks of age, a severe respiratory disease can result. Older birds have a more chronic disease that can slow the growth rate and decrease feed efficiency. The organism has several toxins and virulence factors such as a histamine sensitizing factor, but these are not well characterized.
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Leukotoxin specific to RUMINANT leukocytes, platelets
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Bibersteinia trehalosi
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Most common Dx for Tularemia
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Serum agglutination test
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Highly RESISTANT to antibiotics
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Acinetobacter
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Dx: C. fetus subsp fetus
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Impresssion smear cotyledons, stomach contents of fetus
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cytotoxin: lyses conreal epi cells & neutrophil
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Moraxella bovis
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causes bacterial infections subsequent to antimicrobial therapy
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Clostridium difficile
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causes tracheobronchitis and chronic paroxysmal coughing and toxemia in humans; most damaging to infants < 1 yr
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bordetella pertussis
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Two most common caues of bacterial meningitis in humans
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Neisseria mengintidis, Haemphilus influenzae
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most pathogenic spp of Brucella in humans
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Brucella melitensis
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Path: Epsilon toxin
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Clostridium perfringens type D; Sheep: (Enterotoxemia) produces liquefactive necrosis ,edema, & hemorrhage in brains of sheep
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test used to screen milk samples for Brucella abortus
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Milk ring test
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One of few organisms that GROWS ON MACCONKEY AGAR that does NOT FERMENT DEXTROSE OR LACTOSE
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Bordetella bronchiseptica
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lameness, affected joints & purulent nephritis (+/-septicemia) in foals that survive 4 d; enteritis PM in foals that only survive 24 hrs
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Actinbacillus equuli
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Immunity of Taylorella equigenitalisis
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poor; relapses
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Human forms of Tularemia (fracisella tularensis biovar novidia)
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1. Pnuemonic (inhaled); 2. Tyhoid (ingested)
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Affects endemic herd piglets thru waning of colustrum (= mild) & naive, susceptible older swine (= more severe dz)
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Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae
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most important bacterial agent in Respiratory dz in CATTLE, SHEEP
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Mannheimia hemolytica
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most important agent in Respiratory dz in GOATS
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Bibersteinia trehalosi
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produces RTX leukotoxin specific for ruminant leukocytes, platelets
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Mannheimia hemolytica; also Bibersteinia trehalosi
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Cause of MESOCOLONIC Edema in Swine; Acute colitis in adult Horses (foals <2 wks serve as reservoir); & Pseudomembranous colitis in Humans
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Clostridium difficile
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often found in IBK in high numbers but not cause of Dz
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Branhamella ovis
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predisposing factors to IBK
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UV light, dust, traua from tall stemmy grasses, face flies, Mycoplasma bovis
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Path: Enterotoxemia (Overeating dz) in Feeder lambs vs. Pregnant ewes
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Feeder lambs are on high concentrate diet (high energy, ie. grain). High CHO in the anterior SI is necessary for proliferation of Clostridium perfringends type D and produciton of the Epsilon toxin. (activated by cleavage of prototoxin by trypsin)
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Describe Fowl Coryza
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Haemophilis paragallinarum
Decr egg production; acute airsacculitus, conjuncivitis/sneezing, swelling of wattles & head, decr feed intake |
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Describe Turkey Coryza
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Bordetella avium
Catarrhal or suppurative rhinitis, sinusitis, airsacculitis bronchopneumonia, treacheitis |
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Descibe Fowl Cholera
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Acute septicemia & death. Survivors have joint infections & arthritis.
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Most important cause of bacterial economic loss in poultry
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Fowl Cholera - Pasteurella multocida Type A
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Path: Guillain-Barre Syndrome & Campylobacter jejuni
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Ganglioside-like epitopes in LPS mimic host neurologic tissue. An auto-immune response develops when Ab is formed against these epitopes & nerual function is inhibited.
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Describe Glasser's Dz
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Haemophilus parasuis- polyserositis, arthritis, meningitis in swine
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Killed bacterins role in protection from C. fetus venerealis
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Vacc stimulate production of IgG which protects the uterus , oviducts from becoming infected. Prevents endometritis. (Does not stimulate IgA production).
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Serotypes are important in vaccination with this agent
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Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae
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Large Liver Infarct associated
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Redwater Dz; Clostridium hemolytica
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Accompanied by hemorrhagic enteritis
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Redwater Dz, Cl. hemolytica -extensive hemorrhaging, liver infarct, anemia
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7/8-way Vaccines
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Blackleg- Cl. chauvoei (also Cl. sordelli)
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DIC/Septic Shock are the most overt dz of this genera
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Neisseria (gonorrhoeae, meningitidis)
Mild: Layrngitis to Severe: Fulminant Septicemia |
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Brucella species w/ broadest host range
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Brucella suis
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Why are txs prolonged w/ Cl. tetani & Cl. botulinum
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Regeneration time; binding irreversibly producing long-term inhibition of function
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Describe presentation of Canine tracheobronchitis
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Chronic, dry nonproductive cough occasionally w/ vomiting. The coughing begins acutely w/in a few days of contact w/ other dogs & is due to damage to the tracheal ciliated epi. The cough may last 4-6wks.
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Path: IBK
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initial damage to the conreal epi due to dust, excessive UV light, long stemmy grasses or weeds, etc. Mycoblaspa bivoculi colonizes the corneal lesions. Moraxella bovis subsequently colonizes the corneal lesions and produces a variety of proteases, a hemolysin, etc. than can heavily damage the epithelium. Neutrophils that migrate to the area are lysed & release their hydrolytic enzymes thus augmenting the damage.
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Agglutination
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B. suis
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Path: Leukotoxin of M. hemolytica & incr inflammatory reaction in pulmoary tissues
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Leukotoxin (RTX) damages, lyses phagocytic cells which release hydrolytic enzymes of those cells onto the surface of pulmonary tissues
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Toxoid vs. Formalinized whole cell
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Fromalinized whole cell prdoucts are used to protect against in fection. Toxoides may only generate Ab to NEUTRALIZE toxins that are produced by the organism. In some cases, antitoxic immunity is more imprtant than protecting against infection becase some of the toxins produce dz when present in very small quantities. In other cases is is most important to protect against infection, often because there might be multiple virulence facotrs or toxins produced.
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Path: Descending Tetanus
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Cl. tetani is introduced via wound in spore form. The spores germinate ad the organism produces tetanospasmin (tetanus toxin). The toxin is absorbed by the blood/lymph and transported throughout the body. It acts as a PROTEASE and blocks neurotransmitter release at the level of the spinal cord and brain stem. It selectively acts on the inhibitory nerve network and results in spastic paralysis. The nerves supplying the muscles of the head and neck are affected first followed by the respiratory muscles.
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Explain how to generate a Cl. botulinum polyvalent antitoxin
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Polyvalent antitoxin has antibodiesl to all common toxins. Hyperimmunize 1(+) horses w/ toxoids representing each of the main Cl. botulinum types. Bleed the horses and titer the serum Ab against the toxins to make sure yu have high titers against each toxin. Then combine the differnt abtibodies into a single polyvalent antitoxin. OR one could hyperimmunze one (+) horses w/ toxoids representing all the main toxin types (mixture).
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MILD ENTERITIS in PIGS 1-30 DAYS AGE
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Cl. perfringens type A
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two most important components of M. hemolytica that need to be considered in productin of an effective immunizaing agent
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Leukotoxins; Cell Surface components
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No. one cause of food poisoning in the world
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C. jejuni
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H. somni Dz
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TEME, Pneumonia, Septicemia
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H. parasuis habitat (pigs)
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Nasopharynx
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Sequellae Avian survivors of P. multocida
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Chronic arthritis, joint infecitons
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Bacterins
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C. fetus subsp venerealis
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p. multocida utilizes ____ from b. bronchiseptica to aid in attachment to nasal mucosa
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filamentous hemagglutinin
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Two inportant reasions why vaccination against Ovine foot rot is helpful in limiting but not eliminating or preventing dz
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fimbrial-based vacc stimulate an IgG response protecting against areas of the hoof w/ adequate BS but not those w/o. It is impossible for Ab work on the surfaces of the hoof. There are no phagocytice cells or complement on the surface of the hoof where in the infection occurs.
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Rodents: enteritis in young; focal hepatic necrosis: Jaundic; Catarrhal entercolitis in adults
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Tyzzer's Dz - Cl.piliforme
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Severe hemorrhagic enteris; Extensive hemorrhaging; Large LIVER INFARCT
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Redwater Dz - Cl. hemolyticum
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Shipping Fever Complex
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Pasteurella multocida type A, Mannheimia hemolytica, Histophilus somni
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Sheep: Pneumonia in adults, Septicemia in Lambs; "Blue-bag"/Gas gangrene Mastitis
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Mannheimia hemolytica
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Requires Hemin & X-factor
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Haemophilus
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Vriulenece: cAMP, LPS, Histamine Sensitizing factors, Filamentous Hemagglutinin, Adhesins, Intracellular
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Bordetella bronchiseptica
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Path: Human: C. jejuni
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invades intestinal mucosa -->ulceratoin, crypt abscesses, hemorrachic necrosis -->regional lymph nodes &disseminated dz
Enterotoxin ~Cholera toxin |
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Path: Sheep: . jejuni (~CFF)
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Bacteremia w/ localizatoin in placentomes --> palcentitis -> late term aboriton
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Antigenic shift
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C. fetus subsp venerealis
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Horses: Fistulous withers, Poll evil
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B. abortus (+Actinomyces bovis)
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Path: B. abortus
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ows: 6 mos pregnant --> localizes in placenta -> abortion due to circulatory disturbances
Erythritol (placenta, testis) - not present until puberty |
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Path: Brucella infection
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entry--> regional lnn--> multiply-->BS-->prenchymatous organs, tissues (esp. mos)-->granulomatous foci in liver, spleen, bone marrow, lnn, testes
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Sheep: Ovine interdigital dermatitis; Pigs: Sore mouth, Bullnose; Hosres: Thrush, Quittor, ulcerative dermatitis; Cattle: Foot rot, Calf diphtheria, Metritis, Liver abscesses
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Fusbacterium necrophorum
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Fusobacterium necrophorum: Human dz subsp
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funduliforme
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Leukotoxin, LPS
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Fusobacterium
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produces a toxin promoting growth and invasiveness of Fusobacteirum necrophorum (also reduces Eh)
Also see Dichelobacter nodosus w/ infection |
Arcanobacterium pyogenes
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produces a heat solube factor that stimulates the growth of Fusobacteirum pyogenes (digests epidermis)
also has a powerful protease that digests hoof material A. pyogenes also involved w/ infection: reduces O2 and stimulates anaerobic growth |
Dichelobacter nodosus
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Requires Hmein (factor X) AND NAD (factor V)
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Haemophilus spp
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Requires NAD (Factor V)
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Actinobacillus pleruopneumoniae
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Antibiotic Rx
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Camylobacter coli
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Toxins: A-Enterotoxin; B-Cytotoxin
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Cl. difficile
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Toxin assoicated w/: Massive IV hemolysis & capillary damage, hemoglobinuria, hemorrhagici gasric enteritis, hypoxia --> daeth (produced in liver)
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Lecithinase C -Cl. hemolyticum
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Humans: Gas gangrene; Sheep: Big-head in Rams
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Cl. novyi type A
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Path: Black dz
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Spores in IT -> migrate to liver & remain dormant in Kupfer cells --> Fsciola hepatica creases necrosis -> germination of spores --> production of toxin; Hepatic necrosis, ext. blood-stained SQ edema, straw-colored fluid in serous cavities
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Path: Malignant Edema
Path: Braxy Canine: Gastroenteritis Cattle:Secondary invader in Blackleg Common PM invader |
Cl. septicum
Malignant edema: Enters via wounds, umbilicus --> malignant edema; rapid swelling of tissues: soft pitting edema, gelatinous SQ & IM exudates, little/no gas produced Braxy:Enters via abomasal lining --> edema, hemrrahge & necrosis of abomasum & anteiror SI |
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BRAXY, Malignant Edema
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Cl. septicum
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Toxins: Alpha, Gamma, Delta
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Cl. chauvoei
Alpha: lethal, necrotizing hemolytic, Gamma: HA, Delta: Hemolysin |
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Path: Blackleg
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spores present in liver/muscle of normal cattle --> damage/injury to tissue --> anaerobic conditions -> germination
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Broilers: NECROTIZING ENTERITS
wound infections Sheep: Yellow Lamb, FATAL ENTERITIS, Dairy: Hemorrhagic Bowl; Swine: Enteritis; Human: Gas gagrene, FOOD POISONING |
Cl. perfringens type A
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Sheep: HEMORRHAGIC & NECROTIC ENTERITIS;
Calve, Piglets: Enterotoxemia |
Cl. perfringens type C
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Path: Ovine Enterotoxemia & Epsilon toxin
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activated by cleavage of trypsin; PERMEASE activity --> enhanced absorption --> binds to receptors on vasc endothelium in the brain--> liquefactive necrosis, edema, & brain hemorrage
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Tetanospasmin, Hemolysin, Nonspasmogenic toxin
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Cl. tetani
Tetanospasmin: Spastic paralysis, Hemolysin: local necrosis: stimualtes growth of organism, Nonspasmogenic toxin: binds at nmj |
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Toxins:
Proteins, Protoxins |
Cl. botulinum
Proteins: relrease when organism lyses; Protoxins: must be partially digested by trypsin for activation (most potent) Toxins destroyed by boiling |
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Path: Cl. botulinum
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Toxin absorbed intoblood/lymph and carried to peripheral nerves --> binds at nmj --> paralysis of Cholingergic nerve fibers by blocking release of Ach --> Flaccid paralysis
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Path: Cl. tetani
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blocks inhibitory (glycine to GABA) receptors in spinal cord & brain stem -> continous spasms of opposing muscle groups (Spastic paralyssis); Irreversible bidning
Blocks nt release |
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Leukotoxin
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Actinobacillus equuli, FusobacteriumMannheminia, Bibersteinia,
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RTX toxin
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Actinobacillus pleuopneumoniae, Actinobacillus suis Actinobacillus equuli, Moraxella spp., Mannheimia, Bibersteinia,
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Cytotoxn
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Cl. difficile, Moraxella spp., P. multocida D, Bordetella bornchiseptica
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Enterotoxin
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C. jejuni, Cl. difficile
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Alpha toxin
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Cl. perfringens type a, Cl. novyi type b
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Toxins:Proteins, Protoxin
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Cl. botulinum
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