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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Candida albicans
- who does it affect - result of infection? - diagostic test? |
- IMMUNOCOMPROMISED! - neonates, steroids, diabetes, AIDS
- vulvovaginitis (high pH, diabetes, use of abx) - disseminated candidiasis (to any organ) - chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis - germ tube test is diagnostic |
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Aspergillus fumigatus
- char - what it causes |
- MOLD WITH SEPTATE HYPHAE that branch at a V-shaped 45 degree angle!
- NOT DIMORPHIC - allergic bronchopulmonary aspergilosis (eosinophils) - lung cavity aspergilloma ("fungus ball") - invasive aspergillosis - esp in immunocompromsied and those with chronic granulomatous disease |
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cryptococcus neoformans
- what it causes - structure - where found - culture medium - staining method - dx test |
- cryptococcal meningitis, cryptococcosis
- heavily encapsulated yeast, NOT DIMORPHIC (neither is aspergillus) - found in soil, pigeon droppings - culture on Sabouraud's agar - stain with India ink - LATEX AGGLUTINATION TEST - detects polysaccharide capsular antigen - "soap bubble" brain lesions |
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mucor and rhizopus ssp.
- consequences - structure - who gets it - pathophysiology |
- mucormycosis
- mold with IRREGULAR NONSEPTATE HYPHAE branching at wide angles (>90 degrees) - seen mostly in KETOACIDOTIC DIABETICS and LEUKEMIA PATIENTS - fungi proliferate in walls of bv's and CAUSE INFARCTION and NECROSIS OF DISTAL TISSUE - rhinocerebral, frontal obe abscesses! |
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name what we see on microscopy for each of the following:
1. candida 2. aspergillus 3. cryptococcus 4. mucor |
1. CANDIDA: pseudohyphae + budding yeasts
2. ASPERGILLUS: 45 dec branching septate hyphae, rare fruiting bodies 3. CRYPTOCOCCUS: yeasts with wide capsular halo, narrow based unequal budding! 4. MUCOR: irregular broad (empty-looking) nonseptate hyphae, wide-angle branching |
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pneumocystis jiroveci
- causes? - classified as? - transmission? - cx? - dx? - stain used? - tx/prophylaxis? |
causes diffuse interstitial pneumonia (PCP)
- yeast (originally classififed as a protozoan) - inhaled - MOST INFECTIONS ASYMP - BUT, immunosupression predisposes to disease - diffuse, bilateral CXR appearance - diagnosed with lung biopsy or lavage - ID by METHENAMINE SILVER STAIN of lung tissue - tx w/ TMP-SMX, pentamidine, dapsone - START PROPHYLAXIS WHEN CD4 drops <200 cells/mL in HIV pt |
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sporothrix schenchii
- causes? - struc? - transmission? - early sign? - tx? |
- sporotrichosis
- DIMORPHIC (unlike apergillus and cryptococcus) - when traumatically introduced into the skin, typically by a THORN ("rose gardener's disease") --> local pustule or ulcer with nodules along draining lymphatics (ascending lymphangitis) - little systemic illness - cigar-shaped budding yeast visible in pus - budding is unequal - tx with ITRACONAZOLE or POTASSIUM IODIDE |
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giardia lamblia
- disease - transmission - diagnosis - tx |
- giardiasis: bloating, flatulence, foul-smelling diarrhea (often seen in campers/hikers)
- cysts in water - TROPHOZOITES or cysts in stool - METRONIDAZOLE |
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trichomonas vaginalis
- disease - transmission - diagnosis - treatment |
- vaginitis: foul-smelling, greenish discharge, itching, burning
- sexual transmission - TROPHOZOITES (motile) on WET MOUNT with corkscrew motility - METRONIDAZOLE |
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trypanosoma cruzi
- disease - transmission - diagnosis - treatment |
- CHAGAS DISEASE! - dilated cardiomyopathy, megacolon (megaesophagus) - predominantly in SOUTH AMERICA!
- REDUVIID BUG - blood smear for dx - Nifurtimox for tx |
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trypanosoma (T.gambiense, T.rhodesiense)
- disease - transmission - diagnosis - treatment |
- african sleeping sickness
- Tsetse fly - blood smear - Suramin for blood-borne disease or Melarsoprol for CNS penetration |
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Leishmania donovani
- disease - transmission - diagnosis - treatment |
- visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar)
- spiking fevers, hepatosplenomegaly, pancytopenia - sandfly - macrophages (containing AMASTIGOTES) - Sodium stibogluconate |
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Plasmodium: P.vivax, P.ovale, P.malariae, P.falciparum
- diseases - transmission - diagnosis - treatment |
Malaria:
- cyclic fever (intravascular hemolysis corresponds with fever spikes) - HA - anemia - splenomegaly P.vivax & P.ovale: dormant forms in liver (hypnozoites) --> relapsing malaria - P.vivax is MOST COMMON form of malaria and is assoc with splenic rupture - fever spikes with P.vivax w/in 2 days P.falciparum has SEVERE (cerebral) MALARIA - irrevular fever spikes, severe hemolytic anemia, pulmonary edema, renal failure, hypoglycemia, ha, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, cerebral ischemia, shock, coma ANOPHELES MOSQUITO transmits! Dx with blood smear Tx: Chloroquine (primaquine to prevent relapse caused by P.vivax and P.ovale) Sulfadoxine + pyrimethamine, mefloquine, quinine NOTE: NK cells are the only cells capable of lysing infected RBCs due to lack of expsn of MHCI |
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Babesia
- disease - transmission - diagnosis - treatment |
babesiosis: fever, hemolytic anemia
- predominantly in NE United States - Ixodes tick (like lyme disease) - blood smear, no RBC pigment, appears as "maltese cross" - QUINIDINE, CLINDAMYCIN |
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cryptosporidum
- disease - transmission - dx - tx |
- severe DIARRHEA in AIDS
- mild diarrhea (watery) in non-immunocompromised - cysts in water - cysts on acid-fast stain - Tx: none. |
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Toxoplasma gondii
- disease - transmission - dx - tx |
- brain abscess in HIV (most common AIDS CNS lesion), birth defects (ring-enhancing brain lesions)
- the organism requires a TH1 response and in AIDS, that response is severely diminished! - cysts in uncooked meat or cat feces; crosses placenta (pregnant women should avoid cats) - serology, biopsy - sulfadiazine + pyrimethamine |
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Entamoeba histolytica
- disease - transmission - diagnosis - treatment |
- amebiasis: bloody diarrhea (dysentery), liver abscess, RUQ pain
- cysts in water - serology and/or trophozoites or cysts in stool; RBCs in cytoplasm of entamoieba - can see RBCs in trophozoite as well as a cyst with 4 nuclei - Tx: metronidazole (kills lumenal stage) iodoquinol (kills tissue stage) |
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Naegleria fowleri
- disease - transmission - diagnosis - treatment |
- rapily fatal meningoenchephalitis
- swimming in freshwater lakes (enter via cribriform plate) - amoebas in spinal fluid for dx - Tx: none. |
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Enterobius vermicularis
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PINWORM!
- a nematode (roundworm) - in food contaminated with eggs - intestinal infection - causes anal pruritis (scotch tape test) - Tx: Mebendazole/pyrantel pamoate |
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Ascaris lumbircoides
(giant roundworm) |
a nematode (roundworm)
- eggs are visible in feces - intestinal infection - eggs ingested in fecally contaminated food - Tx: Mebendazole, pyrantel pamoate |
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Trichinella spiralis
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- nematode (roundworm)
- undercooked meat, usually prok - inflammation of muscle (larvae encyst in muscle) - periorbital edema - Tx: Thiabendazole |
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Strongyloides stercoralis
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- a nematode (roundworm)
- larvae in soil penetrate skin - intestinal infection - --> vomiting, diarrhea, anemia Tx: Ivermectin/theabendazole |
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Anclystoma duodenale
& Necator americanus |
- nematode (roundworm)
HOOKWORMS! - larvae penetrate skin of feet - intestinal infection can cause anemia - SUCKS BLOOD from intestinal walls - Mebendazole/pyrantel pamoate (worms are BENDy - treat with BENDazole) |
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Dracunculus medinensis
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(nematode - roundworm)
- in drinking water - skin inflammation - ulceration - Tx: Niridazole |
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Onchocera volvulus
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- nematode - roundworm
- transmitted by female blackflieds - causes RIVER BLINDNESS with SKIN NODULES and "Lizard skin" - can have allergic rxn to microflaria - Tx: Ivermectin (IVERmectin for rIVER blindness) |
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Loa loa
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- a nematode (roundworm)
- transmitted by deer fly, horse fly, mango fly, causes swelling in skin (can see worm crawling in conjunctiva) - Tx: Diethylcarbamazine |
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Wuchereria bancrofti
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- a nematode (roundworm)
- female mosquito - cuases blockage of lymphatic vessels (elephantiasis) |
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toxocara canis
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a nematode (roundworm)
- food contaminated with eggs - causes granulomas - if in retina --> blindness - visceral larvae migrans - Tx: diethylcarbamazine |
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taenia solium
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cestode (tapeworm)
- ingestion of larvae encysted in undercooked pork --> intestinal tapeworms - ingestion of eggs --> cysticercosis and neurocysticercosis - mass lesions in brain (swiss cheese appearance) - Tx: praziquantel for intestinal worms and cysticercosis - Tx: albendazole for neurocysticercosis |
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echinococcus granulosus
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a cestode (tapeworm)
- eggs in dog feces when ingested can cause cysts in liver - causes anaphylaxis if echinococcal antigens are released from cysts Tx: albendazole |
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schistosoma
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- trematode (fluke)
- SNAILS are host - cercariae penetrate skin of humans - causes GRANULOMA, FIBROSIS, INFLAMMATION of the spleen and liver Tx: Praziquantel |
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clonorchis sinensis
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- a trematode (fluke)
- undercooked fish - inflammation of biliary tract --> pigmented gallstones - CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA association - Tx: praziquantel |
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Paragonimus westermani
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- a trematode (fluke)
- undercooked crab meat - inflammation and secondary bacterial infection of the lung - Tx: praziquantel |
