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101 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Adaptive immunity |
-- adapts to microbial invader -- 3rd line of defense A. Humoral immunity B. Cell mediated immunity |
to adapt in life, you have to find the humor in it
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Humoral |
Antibody mediated Immunity * antibodies are dissolved in blood plasma, lymph, and mucous * A. Antibodies B. Results of Ab - Ag binding C. Immunological memory |
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Antibodies |
1. Antibody globulin proteins 2. Antigen binding 3. Antibody classes |
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Antibody globulin proteins |
AKA Immunoglobulin (Ig)s *** produce B cells in response to antigen *** antibodies are designed specifically for each antigen |
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Antigen |
1 piece of a foreign particle 2 stimulates immune response *** antibodies recognize and interact with different regions of antigens ** this interaction is called epitope
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Antibody classes |
IgM IgA IgD IgG: Immunoglobulin G is the most abundant in the second exposure to an antigen. IgE |
The girl MADGE is in my Antibody class.
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Results of Antigen binding |
Agglutination Cytotoxicity * Activation of a complement * Neutralization * Opsonization * another hint: Ask Calen Out After New years |
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Agglutination |
**reduce the number of infectious units |
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Opsonization
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coating of foreign particle with antibody
** enhances phagocytosis |
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Neutralization
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blocks adhesion of a foreign particle to a surface
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cytotoxicity
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Antibodies attached to a target cell cause destruction by phagocytes (enzyme release)
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Activation of a complement
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-- attracts a complement
--complement then recognizes / destroys foreign particle |
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Immunological Memory
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1. primary response: Antibody production after 1st contact with antigen (results in B cell activation.
2. secondary response (memory response) - rapid rise in antibody titer - antigen exposure after a primary response |
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titer
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the amount of antibody in a serum
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serum
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the liquid remaining after blood plasma is clotted
* serum has no: blood cells , no platelets |
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Humors
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body fluids
such as: plasma, lymph, mucous |
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where do antibodies come from
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B-cells
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how does the 3rd line of defense communicate with the 1st and 2nd?
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Antibodies
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Positive Titer
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means I have enough antibodies to fight something specific off if I come into contact with it
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Cell-Mediated Immunity
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involves T cells
* T cells are classified based on their function * Ex) helper T cell: activates macrophage * Ex) cytotoxic T cell: destroy target cells * Ex) regulatory T cells: regulate an immune response |
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Test information: |
If given a certain disease I should be able to describe what the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd lines of defense would do to protect. |
Help!!
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Ch 18 - Vaccines |
A. Attenuated B. Inactivated whole agent C. Toxoid D. Subunit vaccine E. Conjugated vaccine |
Corey Said Travis Is Angry (about getting vaccines) |
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Attenuated Vaccines
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weakened
* contain "live" attenuated microbes * Ex) MMR (RNA viruses) Ex) Tuberculosis Ex) Varicella (chicken pox) |
don't be weak:
pay attention: when you watch MTV |
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Inactivated vaccines
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whole agent
* contains microbes that have been inactivated * Ex)Cholera Ex) Influenza Ex) IPV (inactivated polio vac) |
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Toxoid Vaccines
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Inactivated toxoids
ex) tetanus toxoid ex) diptheria toxoid |
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Subunit vaccines
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contain fragments that stimulate an immune response
* Ex) pertussis (caused by bordatella?) * Ex) Hep B series |
Hep B is a "series" like a series of cars on a "sub"way (subunit)
***** cousin Percilla rides the subway (pertussis) |
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Conjugated Vaccines
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contain the desired antigen plus specific protein (that stimulate antibody production)
* Ex) Hib (Haemophilus influenae type B) this one is caused by a bacteria that usually causes pink eye and ear infections * Ex) PCV (pneumococcal conjugate vaccine) AKA: pneumonia shot |
Pneumonia makes you
Congested....I mean: Conjugated! |
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ch 13 RNA viruses
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most important of the two groups (RNA and DNA)
** totally different from DNA viruses ** Ex) MMR HIP Measles, mumps, rubella, HIV, Influenza, Polio |
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II. Viroids
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RNA only
* Decimated Crops * Plant diseases (not too many in humans) |
Meteroid (Viroid) destroys crops
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III. Prions
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Infectious protein
* described in 80's b/c finally got a good enough microscope to see them * they are fatal * difficult to destroy (don't say kill) * cause TSE's (transmissible spongiform encephalopathies) * must be incenerated or digested |
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digested prions
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means broken down into polypeptides: separated into tiny amino acids that can't be put back together
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Prion Diseases
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1.Sheep Scrapie
2.Mad Cow : BSE (bovine spongiform encephalopathy) 3. Deer / Elk : Chronic Wasting Disease ** 4. cannibals: Kuru Agent (from eating contaminated neural tissue) ** 5. human mad cow: Cruetzfeldt-Jakob Disease |
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Cruetzfeldt-Jakob Disease
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gCJD (classic or genetic)
** vCJD (varient BSE: human) |
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chapter 21 Microbial Diseases of the Skin |
1. Bacterial infections ** 2. Viral Infections ** 3. Mycoses ** 4. Animal Infections on skin |
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Bacterial Infections of the skin
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1. Staphylococcal Infections
* 2. Streptococcal Infections * 3. Pseudomonad Infections * 4. Acne Propionibacterium |
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Staphylococcal Infections
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Staphylococcus aureus
* can produce exfoliative toxins* can produce leukocidin (destroys WBC) * can produce coagulase * diseases of S. aureus: folliculitis, Furuncle, Carbuncle, Impetigo, Scalded Skin Syndrome, Toxic Shock Syndrome: (IT, First Come, First Serve) |
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folliculitis
furuncle carbuncle |
1. hair follicle infection
2.more serious hair follicle infection (one drain) 3. cluster of furuncles (multiple drains) cluster of boils fused together |
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Impetigo
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cluster of pus-filled blisters
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Scalded Skin Syndrome (SSS)
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causes outer layer of skin to slough off:
* risk by opportunistic pathogen cause other infections |
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Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS)
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can cause organ failure
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Streptococcal Infections
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Streptococcus pyogenes
* Group A * beta-hemolytic strep * 1. Erysipelas (St Anthoney's fire) 2. Impetigo 3. Necrotizing fasciitis |
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Erysipelas (St. Anthony's fire)
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inflamed region of the face
* often follows a streptococcal throat infection * can progress to sepsis |
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Impetigo
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looks the same
* ??? the same as what ??? |
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Necrotizing fasciitis
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flesh eating disease
* bacterium releases exotoxins * actually cause our immune system to start targeting skin cells so our immune system contributes to the disease : eating your own flesh |
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necro
necrotizing |
= death
* = causes cellular death |
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Pseudomonad Infections
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Pseudomona aeruginosa
* 1. Pseudomonas dermatitis 2. Ototis externa 3. associated w/infections in burn wounds |
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Pseudomonas dermatitis
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associated with saunas and public pools;
** cause long term scarring and pitting ** typically not life threatening |
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Ototis externa
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external ear infection (swimmers ear)
* in external ear canal |
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Acne Propionibacterium
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Acnes produce propionic acid*blocked sebum channel......to inflamed hair follicle......to acne
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viral infections of the skin
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1. warts
2.other viruses (chick pox & shingles) |
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warts
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AKA: papillomas
* more than 50 types causing a variety of many different mutation in skin cells called warts * virus enters thru a cut in skin * incubation can be weeks |
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Other viruses
* Chicken pox & shingles |
agent: Varicellovirus
* Ex) chicken pox: viral particles are inhaled and from there we see onset of primary infection: (pus filled skin lesions) ** primary causes lesions ** when scratched and healing over they scab, virus enters peripheral nerves.........some sort of system stress happens.......then Secondary infection occurs known as "shingles": burning lesions on skin: back and face |
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herpes zoster :
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shingles, not a genus
not even a medical name it's someone's last name |
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Varicellavirus
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is the genus and the agent for chicken pox
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Fifth Disease
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agent: Human Parvo virus B19
* 20% of people can be infected and be asymptomatic * symptoms: mild flu-like symptoms, anemia, arthritis, birth complications |
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Mycoses
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fungal infections:
4 cutaneous mycoses |
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cutaneous mycoses: (know for test)
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1. dermatophytes
2. fomite 3. types of Tinea 4. Candida albicans **C. tropicalis **C. Krusei (hint: Krus to the tropics with candi) |
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Candida albicans
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infected areas are bright red with lesions on the border.
* lesions usually rupture leaving a flaky appearance around the red area ** C. tropicalis * C. Krusei |
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Tinea have two genera
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1. microsporum
2. trichophytan |
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Animal infections on the skin
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Can use the word organism b/c they are "living" things. ** A. Scabies (mite)B. Pediculosis (lice infestation) |
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Scabies
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microscopic : can NOT be seen
* organism: Sarcoptes scabei * grow beneath the skin * can see red inflamed area where they live * mites burrow into skin and deposit eggs; intense local itching * 1/2 million people per year are treated *Domain Eukarya *Kingdom Animalia *Phylum arthopod "jointed foot" |
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Pediculosis
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lice infestation
* Pediculus humanus capitis (head louse) * Pediculus humanus corporis (body louse) |
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Pediculus humanus corporis
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Body louse
* can transmit diseases * AKA: Epidemic Typhus (rod) * |
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formite:
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transmission source for a pathogenic microbe
* Ex) sponge or wash cloth: substance that holds, absorbs, transports infectious material |
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Skin functions |
Regulate body temp** Prevent water loss** Involved synthesis vitamin D** First line of defense** Sensory receptor |
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chapter 16
Innate / nonspecific defenses of the host Immune response |
nonspecific = general response directed toward "any" invading microbe or particle
* fungi * bacteria * viruses * toxins * 1st and 2nd line of defense |
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First Line of Defense
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barriers that shield the body (keep stuff out)
* Physical, Chemical, Normal Flora |
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Physical Factor
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Lacrimal apparatus
* Diarrhea / vomiting * Skin * Urine / vaginal secretions * Cilia * Hairs * Mucous membrane * Saliva hint: Lynn Does Shopping Unless Calen Has Micro "to" Study |
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Chemical Factor
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Lysozyme
*Sweat *Peroxidase *Transferrin *Defensins *Acids hint: Lynda Sweat Probably Travels During April when Claudie doesn't work at the Chemical Factory |
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Normal Flora
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provides protection via a process known as microbial antagonism (ecological competition)
***microhabitat = "small habitat" *** Indirectly part of our immune system *** we don't produce these microbes, they just live on us and help us. |
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skin
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physical barrier
** largest organ ** keratized cells |
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Mucous membranes
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physical barrier **
line GI tract, Respiratory tract, and genitourinary tract * mucous inhibits entrance of microbes * mucous also coats the microbe |
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Lacrimal apparatus
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physical barrier ** protects the eyes with continual washing with saline / tears
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Saliva
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physical barrier * can be used to dilute microbes * can be used to wash microbes from a surface
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hair
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physical barrier
* filter * physical barrier |
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cilia
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ciliary escalator
* moves microbes up the throat * physical barrier |
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urine and vaginal secretions
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protects surfaces and move microbes out of the body ** urine is a hypertonic solution for most microbes** physical barrier
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diarrhea & vomit
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expel microbes
* physical barrier |
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Lysozyme
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chemical barrier:
keep organisms from entering the body * enzyme degrades peptidoglycon * can occur in blood, sweat, tears, saliva |
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Sweat
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chemical barrier:
** antimicrobial b/c much salt |
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Peroxidase
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chemical barrier:
** oxydizing enzyme ** saliva, milk, phagocytes |
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transferrin
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chemical barrier:
** protein binds iron ** saliva, milk, phagocytes ** hint: fe = iron |
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Defensins
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chemical barrier:
** proteins that disrupt membrane function ** found in mucous and phagocytes |
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Acids
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chemical barrier:
* fairly acidic * skin pH 3 to 5 |
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II. second line of defense
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activated when 1st line fails
** when foreign particles do enter the body ** A. phagocytes B. fever C. Inflammation D. Antimicrobial substances |
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phagocytes
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2nd line:
* cells that engulf and digest foreign particles * all are WBC * 5 types of WBC but not all are phagocytic * Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas |
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Phagocytic WBC
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Monocyte (non mobile)
* Eosinophil (produce toxic proteins: stationary) * Neutraphil (mobile: active beginning infection) * hint: M E N are phago-psychotic |
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Non-phagocytic WBC
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Lymphocytes
a. T cells (attack foreign particles) b. B cells (Bone marrow & spleen: antiBodies) hint: TNT dynomite: T n B Lymphocyte ******* Basophils a. histamine (active allergic reactions) b. heparin (blood thinner) hint: "twins" ******* hint: Little Boys are NOT Phago-psychotic |
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2nd Line Defense:
** Fever: |
*** Pyrexia abnormally high temp ** most often caused by bacteria, virus, or toxin ** could be from bite: spider / mosquito ** 1. Function 2. Increasing temp 3. Decreasing temp 4. Complications |
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Fever functions:
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Body Temperature: creates environment that's unfavorable to invading substances
** hypothalamus: internal thermostat ** brain hormone, release and recognition that resets this thermostat ** Pyrogen (hormone) causes fever to increase |
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Mechanism for Increasing temperature
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a. shivering
b. increase metabolism C. vasoconstriction (goose bumps) trapping warm blood near surface of skin |
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Mechanism for Decreasing temperature
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A. sweating (evaporative cooling)
liquid H2O goes to vapor H2O this breaks down hydrogen bonds between H2O molecules If body loses excess amounts of water sweating at work or play PRE-hydrate::::: drink today, work tomorrow B. vasodilation: increase blood vessel dilation near the surface of body |
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5 complications of fever
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coma
* seizures * death * dehydration * rapid heart rate * normal body functions do not take place at high temperatures |
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Inflammation
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localized response to cell damage
* Ex) puncture wound cut / insect bite * 1. Signs 2. Functional Purpose 3. Process |
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Inflammation Signs
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redness, swelling, heat, pain
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Functional Purpose Inflammation: Defense
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A. destroy & remove foreign particles
B. Confine the agent C. repair the damaged tissue |
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Process of Inflammation
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A. tissue damage and entrance of foreign particle
B. vasodilation: increased permeability of blood vessels C. phahocyte migration: phagocytosis D. tissue repair |
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Antimicrobial Substances (know well)
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1. Interferons (AVP Antiviral Proteins)
************ target viral replication: Big AMP B= Biosynthesis A= Attachment M= maturation P= penetration ****************** 2. Complement System: 30 proteins produced by the liver that destroy foreign particles |
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How do VP (viral particles ??) act to disrupt viral replication?
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prevents penetration or attachment
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How do interferons target or interrupt viral replication?
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BiosynthesisAttachmentMaturationPenetration
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Rickettesia provazekii |
Jail fever. Epidemic typhus |
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