Micro Test 4.db

Front 1

What does innate mean?

Back 1

You were born with it.

Front 2

A pathogen can cause disease only if it can .....?

Back 2

Gain access by penetrating skin or other portal of entry.
Attach to the host cells.
Evade teh body's defense mechanisms long enough to produce harmful changes.

Front 3

What does species resistance mean?

Back 3

Humans are incompatible with most plant and animal pathogens.
Chemical receptors for attachment don't exist or pH or temp. of human body are incompatible with pathogen's needs.

Front 4

What is innate immunity?

Back 4

Nonspecific--The immunity you are born with prior to contact with infectious agents or their products. Rapid, works against wide variety of pathogens.
WBCs, Complement, Interferon

Front 5

What is adaptive immunity?

Back 5

Specific--Immunity that responds against unique species or strains of pathogens and alters the body's defenses such that they act more effectively upon re-infection.

Front 6

What are the 3 lines of defense for immunity?

Back 6

First Line: External barriers to pathogens, skin and mucous membranes.
Second Line: Internal, cells, bloodborne chemicals, processes that inactivate/kill invaders.
Third Line: Adaptive immunity, like antibodies.

Front 7

What does the body's First Line of Defense include?

Back 7

Skin, eyes and mucous membranes of the respiratory, digestive, urinary and reproductive systems.(NONSPECIFIC)
Structures, chemicals and processes that work to prevent pathogens entering the body.

Front 8

What are the two layers of the skin?

Back 8

Epidermis (outer) and Dermis (deeper/inner)

Front 9

What does the layer of tightly packed cells of the epidermis protects against?

Back 9

The epidermis constitutes a physical barrier to most bacteria, fungi and viruses.

Front 10

How does the epidermis protect us?

Back 10

Few pathogens can pentrate its tightly packed layers with keratin.
Microbes continually sluff off with dead cells.
The oils of the skin are acidic.
Perspiration is salty with antimicrobial peptides and lysozyme.
DENDRITE CELLS

Front 11

What makes the skin an inhospitable environment for pathogens?

Back 11

Salt
Defensins
Lysozymes
Acidity

Front 12

What are defensins?

Back 12

Antimicrobial peptides on the skin.

Front 13

What are Dermicidins?

Back 13

Dermicidins are broad-spectrum antimicrobial peptides secreted by sweat glands that are active against many Gram-neg and Gram-pos bacteria and fungi.

Front 14

How do Dendritic Cells protect us?

Back 14

Debdritic cells are phagocytic cells on the skin that form an almost continuous network to intercept invaders.
Work both nonspecifically and in adaptive immunity.

Front 15

Where is the mucous membrane found?

Back 15

All body cavities that are open to the outside environment.
Respiratory, digestive, urinary and reproductive.

Front 16

How does the mucous membrane protect us from pathogens?

Back 16

Tightly packed cells prevent entry.
Continuous sluffing flushes out attached microbes.
Defensins (antimicrobial peptides).
Lysozyme.
Dendritic cells phagocytize invaders.
Dendritic cells may release psuedopodia to sample lumen and prepare for adaptive immune responses.
Some membranes coat pathogens with sticky goblet cells and use ciliated columnar cells to move it out.

Front 17

What is the lacrimal apparatus?

Back 17

The lacrimal apparatus is a group of structures that produce and drain away tears.

Front 18

How does the lacrimal gland protect us?

Back 18

Tears contain lysozyme.
Tears wash the eyes.

Front 19

How do normal microbiota (normal flora) protect us?

Back 19

Normal compete with potential pathogens, aka antimicrobial antagonism.

Front 20

How does antimicrobial antagonism work to protect us from pathogens?

Back 20

Normal microbiota compete with potential pathogens by:
Consumption of nutrients
Creating an environment (pH)unfavorable to other microorganisms .
Helping stimulate the body's 2nd Line of defense.
Promote overal health by providing vitamins to host.

Front 21

Axenic

Back 21

Free of all other organisms or viruses.
Having only one organism present.
(the fetus before birth)

Front 22

Tissues

Back 22

A group of cells that work together or function together toward a particular goal.

Front 23

1st Line of Defense

Back 23

Structural (membranes and skin) and NONcellular with exception of dendritic cells.
Nonspecific.

Front 24

Diapedesis

Back 24

Walking.
Process whereby leukocytes leave inctact blood vessels by squeezing between lining cells.

Front 25

Intravasation

Back 25

Entering a blood vessel.

Front 26

Extravasation

Back 26

Leaving a blood vessel.

Front 27

2nd Line of Defense

Back 27

Composed of cells (phagocytes), antimicrobial chemicals (peptides, complement, interferons) that are either contained in or originated in the blood, and processes (fever and inflammation).
Not structural.
Nonspecific.

Front 28

What are the Defense Components of Blood?

Back 28

Plasma.
Formed Elements (cells and cell fragments -- Leukocytes and platelets).

Front 29

What is plasma?

Back 29

Water and dissolved proteins and nutrients.
The liquid portion of blood.
Includes complement proteins, antibodies (proteins) and iron-binding compounds.

Front 30

What is serum?

Back 30

Plasma with the clotting factors removed.

Front 31

Leukocytes

Back 31

White blood cells.
Neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils.

Front 32

What are the 3 types of formed elements?

Back 32

RBCs to carry oxygen and CO2 in the blood.
PLATELETS for clotting.
WBCs to defend against invaders -- killers.

Front 33

Granulocytes

Back 33

WBCs--phils.
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

Front 34

Agranulocytes

Back 34

WBCs--cytes
Monocytes
Lymphocytes

Front 35

What color do basophils stain?

Back 35

Blue with methylene blue

Front 36

What color do eosinophils stain?

Back 36

Red with acidic dye eosin.

Front 37

What color do neutrophils stain?

Back 37

Lilac or purple with a mixture of acid and basic dyes.

Front 38

Which WBCs phagocytize pathogens and attack invading microbes in tissues via diapedesis or squeezing out of the capillaries?

Back 38

Neutrophils and (some) Eosinophils

Front 39

What do Eosinophils defend against?

Back 39

Parasitic worms (helminths) and allergies.
Call leave capillaries via diapesis to attack microbes in tissues.
Can phagocytize, but usually attack nonphagocytically (extracellularly).

Front 40

How do Basophils defend?

Back 40

Also by diapedesis, but they are not phagocytic.
Secrete inflammatory chemicals.
Histamine and heparin

Front 41

How do Neutrophils defend?

Back 41

Neutrophils devour pathogens.
Phagocytosis.
Diapesis.

Front 42

What is special about Agranular WBCs Monocytes?

Back 42

Monocytes can leave the blood and mature into macrophages.
Dendritic cells are macrophages.

Front 43

Where do dendritic cells come from?

Back 43

WBC Monocytes.

Front 44

What does an increased number of eosinophils indicate?

Back 44

Allergies or parasitic worm (helminth) infection.
Eosinophils eat parasites.

Front 45

What does increased number of leukocytes and neutrophils indicate?

Back 45

Bacterial disease.

Front 46

What does an increase in lymphocytes indicate?

Back 46

Viral infection.

Front 47

Which WBCs Phagocytize?
Which WBCs are Phagocytes?

Back 47

Neutrophils
Eosinophils (although not their usual mode of attack)
(Macrophages)

Front 48

Which WBCs do NOT Phagocytize? (do not eat)

Back 48

Lymphocytes
Basophils
Monocytes

Front 49

What are the 6 steps of Phagocytosis?

Back 49

Chemotaxis--psuedopodia move to and grab onto microbe.
Adherence--Opsonization--the coating of microbe with opsonins (antimicrobial proteins or antibodies)
Ingestion--pseudopodia engulf microbe.
Phagosome maturation and Microbial killing--phagolysosome.
Elimination--exocytosis.

Front 50

What are the 2 types of killing?

Back 50

Phagocytic Killing (Phagocytosis)--brings it into cell to kill/eat it.

Nonphagocytic (Extracellular) Killing--Secretes poisons outside of cell.

Front 51

What are the 3 types of nonphagocytic (extracellular) killing?

Back 51

Killing by:
Eosinophils
Neutrophils
Natural Killer Lymphocytes (NK cells)

Front 52

How do Eosinophils defend?

Back 52

Eosinophils mostly secrete antimicrobial chemicals and some phagocytosis.

Front 53

What is a helminth?

Back 53

Parasitic worm

Front 54

How does killing by eosinophils work?

Back 54

Eosinophils attach to parasitic worms (helminths) and SECRETE TOXINS that weaken or kill it.
Can also be triggered by LPS of G-Neg bacteria to release mitochondrial DNA which forms a barrier and kills bacteria.

Front 55

How does killing by neutrophils work?

Back 55

Neutrophils SECRETE TOXINS onto surfaces of VIRALLY infected cells and NEOPLASMS.

Front 56

How does nonphagocytic killing by natural killer (NK) lymphocytes work?

Back 56

Natural killer (NK) lymphocytes kill by secreting toxins onto the surfaces of virally infected cells and neoplasms.

Front 57

How does nonphagocytic killing by neutrophils work?

Back 57

Neutrophils kill nonphagocytically by producing chemicals that kill nearby invaders (O2-, H202, or nitric oxide).
OR by producing NETs, extracellular fiber traps.

Front 58

How do NETs work?

Back 58

NETs are groups of extracellular fibers that gum up and trap bacteria (both G+ and G-) so it cannot attach to other cells.

Front 59

What does NETs stand for?

Back 59

Neutrophil extracellular traps

Front 60

What are the two main types of nonspecific chemical defenses against pathogens (2nd Line)

Back 60

Interferons
Complement

Front 61

How do interferons work?

Back 61

Interferons work against viruses.
Lack of specificity means they kill more than one type of virus.
BUT, also cause malaise, muscle aches, chills, fever, headaches.

Front 62

How does the complement system work?

Back 62

Complement is serum proteins (in plasma) that act as opsonins and chemotactic factors to trigger inflammation and fever and ultimately lysis of foreign cells.

Front 63

How is complement activated?

Back 63

Classical pathway.
Alternative pathway.
Lectin pathway.