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203 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Symbiosis
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Living together.
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Mutualism and example.
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Both benefit. Ex: bacteria in intestines that make vitamins. They get food, we get vitamins, termites filled with microbes that break down food, and microbes in cattle intestines break down food.
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Commensalism and example.
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One benefits, other isn't harmed. Ex: normal flora get home and food supply, but don't effect us.
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Parasitism and example.
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One species harms the other. Ex: TB in lungs.
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Host
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In symbiosis, member of parasitic relationship that supports the parasite.
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Pathogen
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A m/o capable of producing disease.
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Normal flora and when first exposed.
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Microbes that colonize the surfaces of body without normally causing disease. First exposed at birth.
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Resident microbiota
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Normal flora that takes up permanent residence. Not permanent.
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Transient microbiota
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Normal flora where some stay and some leave.
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What causes some normal fora to leave body?
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Age, hormones, puberty, aging, and overall health.
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Opportunistic pathogen
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M/O that causes disease when immune system is suppressed, when microbial antagonism is reduced, or when introduced into abnormal area of body.
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3 opportunistic conditions and examples.
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1. Introduction of member of normal flora in an unusual site: When e. Coli gets into urinary tract. #1 cause of UTI's.
2. Immune suppression: stress, malnutrition, old/young, cancer patients. 3. Changes in normal flora: long term antibiotics, yeast, C. diff can flourish if normal flora in intestines is wiped out. |
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Superinfection
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When normal flora member flourishes.
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Reservoir
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Where microbe normally lives.
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Microbial antagonism
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Normal condition in which established microbiota use up available space and nutrients reducing ability of arriving pathogens to colonize.
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Zoonoses
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Diseases that spread naturally from their usual animal hosts to humans.
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10 examples of zooanotic diseases.
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1. Brucellosis -cattle. Dead end accidental host (us)
2. Rabies - we are dead end hosts. 3. Plague - prairie dogs, infected carcass, and rat flea. 4. Lyme disease - ticks and deer. 5. Salmonella - cattle. 6. Thyphus - rodents. 7. Hantavirus - deer mice. 8. Yellow fever 9. Malaria - monkeys 10. Toxoplasma |
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Dead end host
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Not typical host. Won't spread disease.
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Human only reservoir examples.
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1. HIV
2. Syphilis 3. TB 4. Diptheria 5. Typhoid |
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Non living reservoir and 3 examples.
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Soil, water, food, and fomites.
1. Clostridium 2. Parasitic worms 3. Giardia |
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Contamination
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Presence of microbes in or on the body.
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Infection
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When immune system fights invaders.
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Outcomes of contamination.
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Some remain and become normal flora, others become transient microbiota, some stay in body and cause harm.
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Portal of entry
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Location pathogen enters body.
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4 portals of entry and examples.
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1. Skin: Get through hair follicles, glands, cuts, and abrasions. Ex: Some parasitic worms.
2. Mucous membranes: Lining of tracts. Thinner allowing easier portal. Ex: Ebola, salmonella in GI, and typhoid in GI. 3. Placenta: Pathogen gets into mother's system and passes to baby. Ex: Toxoplasma, syphilis, and HIV. 4. Parenteral: Pathogens surpass first line of defense and get into tissues. Ex: nails, thorns, or needles. |
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Adhesion
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Process by which an organism attaches itself.
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Adhesion factors
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Specialized structures or attachment proteins.
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Avirulent
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Harmless.
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Biofilm
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Bacterial pathogens don't directly attach to host, they interact with each other to form a sticky web of bacteria and polysaccharides.
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Biofilm is an ________.
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Adhesion.
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How do pathogens adhere? (3)
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Suckers, hooks (specialized structures). Viruses and some bacteria have lipoprotein and glycoprotein called ligands.
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Disease
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When injury is significant enough to interfere with normal functioning of body.
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Morbidity
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Another name for disease.
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Difference between infection and disease.
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Infection is invasion of pathogen, disease results if pathogen has adverse effects.
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Infectious vs. Contagious
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Infectious: Something is being caused by microbe and can be passed from person to person.
Contagious: Highly infectious and is easily passed. |
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Signs vs Symptoms
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Signs can be observed such as rash and fever. Symptoms are subjective, can't be measured.
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Syndrome
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Group of signs and symptoms. Ex: AIDS ----> lethargy, diarrhea, anorexia, night sweats.
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Sub clinical
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Vague symptoms.
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Asymptomatic
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No symptoms.
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-gen
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Give rise to.
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-idio
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Pertaining to unknown disease causation.
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-itis
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Inflammation.
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-pathos
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Abnormal.
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-septa
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Rotting, putrid.
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-terato
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Causing birth defects: Rubella and syphilis.
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-tox
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Poison.
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Iatrogenic and examples.
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Infections caused by medical treatment. Ex: UTI, stitch abscess, and long term antibiotics.
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Nasocomial infection
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Infection obtained from healthcare setting.
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Etiology
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Study of disease.
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Germ Theory of Disease
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Disease is caused by infections of pathogenic m/o.
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Koch's postulates
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1. Suspected agent must be present in every case.
2. Agent must be isolated and grown in pure culture. 3. Cultured agent must cause disease when inoculated. 4. Same agent must be reisolated from diseased experimental host. |
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Exceptions to postulates
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1. Not all pathogens grow in lab.
2. Some diseases are caused by combination of factors. 3. Ethical: Can't inoculate healthy human to cause disease. 4. Not possible to establish single cause. 5. Some pathogens have been ignored. |
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Virulent
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Helps cause disease.
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Pathogenicity
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Ability to cause disease.
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Virulence
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Degree of pathogenicity.
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Virulence factors
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Variety of traits that interact with a host and enable the pathogen to enter host cell, adhere to host cell, gain access to nutrients, and escape detection.
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5 virulence factors
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1. Enzymes
2. Toxins - chemicals that harm tissues or trigger immune response. 3. Endotoxin - secreted from living cells. Aka Lipid A. Portion of gram neg bacteria. Releases chemicals that can cause fever, inflammation, diarrhea, and blood coagulation. 4. Capsules -prevent digestion and phagocytosis. 5. Antiphagocytic chemicals - some bacteria produce chemicals that prevent fusion of lysosomes and phagocytic vesicles. |
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Enzymes
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Most pathogens secrete enzymes that enable them to dissolve structural chemicals. Collagenase breaks down collagen which is a key protein. Coagulase causes blood proteins to clot providing hiding place. Kinases digest blood clots.
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Host factors
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Determine resistance or susceptibility.
1. Age: Old and young 2. Genetics: Ex people duffy -fy: a- b- resistant to malaria. 3. Gender: UTI more common in women. 4. Previous infection: more resistance if you've had it. 5. Overall health: malnutrition, stress. 6. Occupation: prostitution can lead to STD. 7. Lifestyle: Excessive drinker, malnutrition, and addiction. |
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Stages of disease
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1. Incubation period: time when m/o is in body body and you experience symptoms.
2. Prodromal period: short time of generalized symptoms that precede illness. Not all infectious diseases have stage. 3. Illness: Most severe stage of infectious disease. Signs and symptoms most evident at this time. 4. Decline: body gradually returns to normal as immune system fights or medicine kicks in. 5. Convalescence: Patient recovers and tissues are repaired. |
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What stages of disease are infectious?
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All.
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Portals of exit
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Pathogens leave infected patients in order to infect others. Leave in secretions: earwax, tears, saliva, sputum. In blood: needles, wounds.
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Direct contact transmission
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Person to person spread. Touching, kissing, sexual intercourse.
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Direct contact transmission
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Person to person spread. Touching, kissing, sexual intercourse.
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Endogenous
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Comes from within. Displacement of normal flora.
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Direct contact transmission
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Person to person spread. Touching, kissing, sexual intercourse.
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Endogenous
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Comes from within. Displacement of normal flora.
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Exogenous
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Not a member of normal flora.
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Direct contact transmission
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Person to person spread. Touching, kissing, sexual intercourse.
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Endogenous
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Comes from within. Displacement of normal flora.
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Exogenous
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Not a member of normal flora.
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Horizontal spread
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Spread from one human to another.
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Indirect contact
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Pathogens are spread from one to another by fomites: needles, toothbrushes, toys, money, diapers, bedsheets etc.
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Droplet transmission
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Pathogens are transmitted within droplets of mucous. Coughing, sneezing, and exhaling.
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Vehicle transmission
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Spread of pathogens via air, drinking water, and food.
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Airborne transmission
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Spread of pathogens further than 1 meter to new host via aerosol.
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Airborne transmission
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Spread of pathogens further than 1 meter to new host via aerosol.
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Waterborne transmission
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Important in spread of many GI diseases. Water can be a reservoir and vehicle.
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Fecal-oral infection
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Some pathogens are shed in feces and enter through GI mucous membrane or skin.
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Foodborne transmission
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Pathogens in and on foods that are inadequately processed, undercooked, or poorly refrigerated. Can get E. coli, toxoplasma, and parasitic worms.
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Vertical transmission
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Passed from parents to offspring, adult to child.
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Vertical transmission
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Passed from parents to offspring, adult to child.
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Postnatal transmission
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After birth. From milk and handling baby.
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Vertical transmission
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Passed from parents to offspring, adult to child.
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Postnatal transmission
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After birth. From milk and handling baby.
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Perinatal transmission
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During birth. Gonorrhea and herpes.
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Vertical transmission
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Passed from parents to offspring, adult to child.
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Postnatal transmission
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After birth. From milk and handling baby.
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Perinatal transmission
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During birth. Gonorrhea and herpes.
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Congenital transmission
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Before birth. Can pass placenta. Rubella, syphilis, HIV.
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Vehicle
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Any mode of transportation.
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Vehicle
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Any mode of transportation.
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Vectors
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Animals that transmit diseases from one host to another.
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Biological vector
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Transmit pathogens as well as serve as host for multiplication of pathogens during life stage. Malaria, plague, Chagas' disease.
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Biological vector
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Transmit pathogens as well as serve as host for multiplication of pathogens during life stage. Malaria, plague, Chagas' disease.
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Mechanical vector
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Carrying agent. Not required as hosts by pathogen they transmit. Passively carry.
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Bodily fluid transmission
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Spread of pathogenic m/o via blood, urine, saliva, and other bodily fluids.
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Acute disease
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Symptoms develop rapidly and run course quickly.
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Acute disease
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Symptoms develop rapidly and run course quickly.
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Chronic disease
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Usually mild symptoms that develop slowly and last a long time.
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Acute disease
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Symptoms develop rapidly and run course quickly.
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Chronic disease
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Usually mild symptoms that develop slowly and last a long time.
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Subacute disease
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Time course and symptoms between acute and chronic.
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Latent disease
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Appears long time after infection.
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Latent disease
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Appears long time after infection.
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Communicable disease
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Transmitted from one host to another.
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Contagious disease
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Communicable disease that's easily spread.
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Contagious disease
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Communicable disease that's easily spread.
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Noncommunicable disease
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Arising from outside of hosts or disease from opportunistic pathogen.
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Systemic infection
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Widespread infection in many systems of the body. Often travels in blood or lymph.
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Focal infection
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Serves as a source of pathogens for infections at other sites in the body.
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Primary infection
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Initial infection within a given patient.
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Secondary infection
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Follow primary infection; often by opportunistic infection.
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Classification of infectious diseases.
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1. Based on body system affected.
2. Taxonomy 3. Based on longevity and severity. 4. Contagious aspect. 5. Affects on populations. |
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Epidemiology
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The study of where and when diseases occur and how they are transmitted within populations.
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Incidence
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Number of new cases of a disease in a given population.
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Incidence
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Number of new cases of a disease in a given population.
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Prevalence
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# of new and old cases in total population.
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Endemic
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A disease that normally occurs continually at a relatively stable incidence within a given population or geographical area.
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Endemic
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A disease that normally occurs continually at a relatively stable incidence within a given population or geographical area.
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Endemic
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A disease that normally occurs continually at a relatively stable incidence within a given population or geographical area.
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Sporadic
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Only a few scattered cases occur within an area or population.
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Endemic
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A disease that normally occurs continually at a relatively stable incidence within a given population or geographical area.
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Sporadic
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Only a few scattered cases occur within an area or population.
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Epidemic
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Disease occurs at a greater frequency than expected.
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Endemic
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A disease that normally occurs continually at a relatively stable incidence within a given population or geographical area.
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Sporadic
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Only a few scattered cases occur within an area or population.
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Epidemic
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Disease occurs at a greater frequency than expected.
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Pandemic
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Epidemic that's world wide.
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MMWR
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Morbidity and mortality weekly report provides state by state report for the current week.
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Descriptive epidemiology
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Involves data collecting. Includes the location and time of cases of disease. Information about the patients such as age, gender, occupations, health histories.
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Descriptive epidemiology
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Involves data collecting. Includes the location and time of cases of disease. Information about the patients such as age, gender, occupations, health histories.
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Index case
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First case of disease in an area.
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Analytical epidemiology
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Investigates a disease in detail, including analysis of data acquired in descriptive epidemiological studies. Determines probably cause, mode of transmission and prevention. Often retrospective; attempt to identify causation and mode of transmission.
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Experimental epidemiology
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Involves testing a hypothesis concerning cause of disease.
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Name 20 infectious diseases.
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1. AIDS
2. Anthrax 3. Chicken pox 4. Giardia 5. Gonorrhea 6. Hep A 7. Hep B 8. Hep C 9. HIV 10. Malaria 11. Mumps 12. Measles 13. Pertussis 14. Rabies 15. Rubella 16. Salmonella 17. Smallpox 18. Syphilis 19. TB 20. Typhoid fever |
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Exogenous nosocomial infections
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Caused by pathogens acquired from health care setting.
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Exogenous nosocomial infections
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Caused by pathogens acquired from health care setting.
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Superinfection
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May result from use of antimicrobial drugs, by inhibiting some resident microbiota, allow others to thrive in its absence.
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Superinfection
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May result from use of antimicrobial drugs, by inhibiting some resident microbiota, allow others to thrive in its absence.
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Factors influencing nosocomial infections.
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1. Exposure to numerous pathogens present in health care setting.
2. Weakened immune systems of patients who are ill, making them more susceptible. 3. Transmission of pathogens among patients and health care workers. |
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Exogenous
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Comes from outside of body: IV, respirators, hands.
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Exogenous
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Comes from outside of body: IV, respirators, hands.
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Endogenous
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Member of normal flora. Can get displaced. Ex: C diff.
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Role of CDC and WHO.
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CDC: Receive collected data, conduct research and prevention, make recommendations concerning immunization schedules, and work with WHO.
WHO: Coordinates efforts to improve public health throughout the world. |
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Immunoglobulins
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Antibodies.
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Immunoglobulins
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Antibodies.
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Serology
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Study and use of immunological tests to diagnose and treat disease or identify antibodies or a then.
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Active immunization
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Going to give someone known antigens. Will produce antibodies.
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Passive immunization
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Giving antibodies.
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Variolation
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The Chinese used smallpox crusts to prevent infection by inhaling to make own antibodies.
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Most effective means of controlling disease.
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Vaccines.
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Drawback of giving antibodies.
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Doesn't last long.
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What happens when exposed to antigen?
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Make antibodies.
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Lady Montague
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Found out variolation worked and took it back to England.
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Edward Jenner
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Found out cowpox would work for active immunization. Used cowpox as antigen to build antibodies for cowpox and chicken pox.
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Difference between vaccine and immunization.
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Vaccine: Giving an antigen.
Immunization: Giving and antigen or antibody. |
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Titer
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Measure of the level of antibodies in serum.
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Which vaccines did Louis Pasteuer discover?
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Chicken cholera, rabies, and anthrax.
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Herd Immunity
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If enough people receive active immunization, it protects those who haven't been immunized.
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Booster immunization
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When titer is low, administration of more antigen.
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Attenuated (modified live) vaccine
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Weakened pathogen, still active, but weak. Won't cause disease. Infect host cells and replicate.
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Contact inmunity
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Immunity beyond the individual receiving the vaccine.
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Contact inmunity
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Immunity beyond the individual receiving the vaccine.
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Disadvantage of attenuated vaccines.
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It can be potentially hazardous to the immunocomprimised or pregnant women.
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Is a booster shot needed with attenuated vaccine?
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No.
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Inactivated vaccine
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Two types: Whole cell and subunit.
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Whole cell vaccine and advantages/disadvantages.
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Whole cell is in vaccine. Inactivated, dead. Safer than live vaccine. Can sometimes stimulate painful inflammatory response.
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Subunit vaccine and advantages/disadvantages.
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Produced with an antigenic fragment. Safer than live vaccines, but require booster.
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Contact inmunity
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Immunity beyond the individual receiving the vaccine.
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Recombinant gene technology
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Never have to be directly exposed. Safer and cheaper.
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Disadvantage of attenuated vaccines.
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It can be potentially hazardous to the immunocomprimised or pregnant women.
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Is a booster shot needed with attenuated vaccine?
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No.
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Inactivated vaccine
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Two types: Whole cell and subunit.
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Whole cell vaccine and advantages/disadvantages.
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Whole cell is in vaccine. Inactivated, dead. Safer than live vaccine. Can sometimes stimulate painful inflammatory response.
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Subunit vaccine and advantages/disadvantages.
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Produced with an antigenic fragment. Safer than live vaccines, but require booster.
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Acellular vaccine
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Aka subunit vaccine.
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Toxoid vaccine
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Chemically or thermally modified toxins that are used vaccines. Very potent. Make good antigens. Activated immunity. Need booster
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Toxoid
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Weakened toxin.
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Combination vaccines
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Combine antigens from several toxoids and inactivated pathogens are administered together.
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Contact inmunity
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Immunity beyond the individual receiving the vaccine.
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Recombinant gene technology
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Never have to be directly exposed. Safer and cheaper.
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Types of Recombinant Gene Technology
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1. Removing virulent gene from pathogen. Deleting virulence gene. Ex: Diptheria.
2. Isolate gene that codes for antigen and insert into DNA of another cell. It will pump out copies of antigen. Then, put in vaccine. Ex: Hep B. 3. Isolating gene, insert into another cell. Instead of secreting, the cell expresses it and the whole cell is placed in vaccine. 4. Isolate gene, insert into plasmid. Place plasmid into body. Once inside body, gets into our cells and we make the antigen. |
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Disadvantage of attenuated vaccines.
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It can be potentially hazardous to the immunocomprimised or pregnant women.
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Is a booster shot needed with attenuated vaccine?
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No.
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Inactivated vaccine
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Two types: Whole cell and subunit.
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Whole cell vaccine and advantages/disadvantages.
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Whole cell is in vaccine. Inactivated, dead. Safer than live vaccine. Can sometimes stimulate painful inflammatory response.
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Subunit vaccine and advantages/disadvantages.
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Produced with an antigenic fragment. Safer than live vaccines, but require booster.
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Acellular vaccine
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Aka subunit vaccine.
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Toxoid vaccine
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Chemically or thermally modified toxins that are used vaccines. Very potent. Make good antigens. Activated immunity. Need booster
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Toxoid
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Weakened toxin.
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Combination vaccines
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Combine antigens from several toxoids and inactivated pathogens are administered together.
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Adjuvant
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Chemical added to vaccine to increase its ability to stimulate active immunity.
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Safety of vaccines
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1. Mild toxicity: Reacting to adjuvant soreness. May experience fever.
2. Risk of anaphylactic shock. Allergic reaction. 3. Reverting back to original virulence. Only happens with attenuated vaccines. |
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Preschool vaccines
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1. Hep B
2. Rotavirus 3. Diptheria 4. Tetanus 5. Pertussis 6. HPV 7. Meningococcal 8. Hib 9. PCV 10. Pneumococcal 11. Influenza 12. MMR 13. Varicella 14. Hep A |
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Adult vaccines
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1. Tdap once, td every 10 years.
2. PCV 3. Influenza 4. MMR 5. Varicella |
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Passive immunotherapy
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Giving anybodies for immediate protection.
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Monoclonal antibodies
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Made in vitro. Not from human origin. Identical antibodies secreted by a cell line originating from single plasma cell.
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Antitoxins
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Antibodies formed by host that bind to and protect against toxins.
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Antiserum
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Blood fluid containing antibodies that bind to antigens that triggered their production.
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ISG
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Aka antiserum.
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Hybridoma
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Tumor cells fused with plasma cells to create cells that will produce endless antibodies.
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Serum sickness
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Allergic response resulting from repeated injections of animal derived antiserum.
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