Micro Test 2 Chapter 14

Front 1

What do the electron carries do in the ETS?

Back 1

They sequentially transfer electrons to the carrier of the nest higher reduction potential ( or the next stronger electron acceptor

Front 2

Electron flow through the ETS begins with ________ and ultimately _________

Back 2

an initial electron donor from outside the cell and ultimately transfers all electrons to terminal electron acceptor that leaves the cell

Front 3

What is embedded in a membrane that separates two compartments?

Back 3

The ETS

Front 4

What two compartments does the ETS separate and why?

Back 4

Two aqueous compartments and to maintain an ion gradient generated by the ETS

Front 5

The ETS is composed of ?

Back 5

protein complexes and cofactors

Front 6

Protein complexes called oxidoreductases include

Back 6

cytochromes and noncytochrome proteins

Front 7

What are cytochromes?

Back 7

colored proteins whose absorbance spectrum shifts when there is a change in redox state

Front 8

The ETS complexes generate

Back 8

a proton motive force

Front 9

What does the proton motive force do?

Back 9

it is directed inward and drives protons into the cell

Front 10

What does the proton potential drive?

Back 10

ATP synthesis, ion transport and flagellar rotation.

Front 11

What do electron carriers contain for electron transfers?

Back 11

metal ions and or conjugated double bonded ring structures

Front 12

Where does a substrate dehydrogenase receive a pair of electrons?

Back 12

from a particular reduced substrate like NADH, NADH dehydrogenase

Front 13

How are protons pumped?

Back 13

By substrate dehydrogenase and terminal oxidase.

Front 14

substrate dehydrogenases or

Back 14

oxidoreductases

Front 15

How are protons consumed?

Back 15

by combining with the terminal electron acceptor like combining with oxygen to make water

Front 16

What determines the number of protons pumped by a bacterial ETS?

Back 16

environmental conditions like the concentration of the substrate and terminal electron acceptor

Front 17

The proton potential drives ATP synthesis through

Back 17

membrane bound ATP synthase

Front 18

How many protons drive each cycle of ATP synthesis and what is synthesized

Back 18

three protons needed to make one molecule of ATP

Front 19

Anaerobic terminal electron acceptors

Back 19

accept electrons from a specific reductase complex of ATP

Front 20

What are some anaerobic terminal electron acceptors?

Back 20

Nitrogen and sulfur oxyanions, oxidized metal cations, and oxidized organic substrates

Front 21

How is nitrate reduced by bacteria?

Back 21

Nitrate, nitrite, nitric oxide, nitrous oxide and ultimately nitrogen gas.

Front 22

Nitrate and nitrite could be reduced to

Back 22

ammonium ion- a product that alkalinizes the environment

Front 23

Sulfate is successivley reduced by bacteria to

Back 23

sulfite, thioslfate, elemental sulfur, and hydrogen sulfide.

Front 24

Where are sulfate reducers especially prevalent

Back 24

seawater

Front 25

Dissimilatory metal reduction

Back 25

a form of anaerobic respiration where oxidized metal ions are reduced by bacteria in soil and aquatic habitats

Front 26

Name some oxidized metal ions

Back 26

Fe 3+ and Mn 4+

Front 27

The geochemistry of natural environments is largely shaped by

Back 27

anaerobic bacteria and archaea

Front 28

The acquisition of energy by oxidation of inorganic electron donors

Back 28

Lithotrophy or chemolithotrophy

Front 29

6 things included in lithotrophy

Back 29

sulfur oxidation

iron oxidation

nitrogen oxidation

hydrogenotrophy

methanogenesis

methane oxidizers

Front 30

sulfuric acid production leads to

Back 30

extreme acidification, damaging stone structures and poisoning mine drainage

Front 31

sulfur oxidation includes

Back 31

oxidation of H2S to sulfur or to sulfuric acid by sulfur-oxidizing bacteria.

Front 32

What usually accompanies sulfur oxidation and in what form

Back 32

Iron oxidation ( rust)

Front 33

Nitrogen oxidation includes

Back 33

successive oxidation of ammonia to hydroxlamine, nitrous acid and nitric acid.

Front 34

What uses hydrogen gas as an electron donor

Back 34

Hydrogenotrophy

Front 35

Hydrogen has sufficient

Back 35

reducing potential to donate electrons to nearly all biological electron acceptors including chlorinated organic molecules (through dehalorespiration)

Front 36

occurs by oxidation of H2 by carbon dioxide to form methane

Back 36

Methanogenesis

Front 37

Methanogenesis is performed only by

Back 37

the methanogen groups of archaea

Front 38

Methane oxidizers use O2, nitratem or sulfate to

Back 38

oxidize the methane produced by methanotrophs

Front 39

The metabolic ability to absorb and covert solar energy into chemical energy for biosynthesis

Back 39

Photosynthesis

Front 40

5 things of photosynthesis

Back 40

Bacteriorhodopsin

The antenna complex

Thylakoids

The oxygenic Z pathway in cyanobacteria and chloroplast

oxygenic photosynthesis generates 3 atp and 2 nadph

Front 41

a light-driven proton pump that supplements hetertrophy in haloarchaea

Back 41

bacteriorhodopsin

Front 42

What is found in marine proteobacteria

Back 42

proteorhodopsin

Front 43

What captures light for transfer to the reaction center in cholorphyll-based photosynethsis

Back 43

The antenna complex of chlorophylls and other photopigments

Front 44

folded membranes within phototrophic bacteria or chloroplasts

Back 44

Thylakoids

Front 45

Thylakoid membranes extend

Back 45

area for chlorophyll light absorption and they separate two compartments to form a proton gradient

Front 46

This includes homologs of photosystems I and II.

Back 46

The oxygenic Z pathway in cyanobacteria and chloroplasts

Front 47

What happens in the Oxygenic Z pathway in cyanobacteria and chloroplast

Back 47

Eight photons are absorbed and two electron pairs are removed from 2 H2O ultimately producing O2

Front 48

Oxygenic photosynthesis generates

Back 48

3 atp and 2 nadph per 2 H2O photolyzed and O2 produced

Front 49

What is used to fix carbon dioxide into biomass

Back 49

ATP and NADPH

Front 50

Electrochemical potential or voltage across a membrane may be used to

Back 50

power ATP synthesis, nutrient uptake, or motility

Front 51

ETS redox reactions

Back 51

the transfer of electrons from a reduced electron donor to an oxidized electron acceptor

Energy is converted to an ion or voltage potential across the memebrane

Front 52

Where does ETS occur in prokaryotes

Back 52

at the cytoplasmic membrane

Front 53

Where does ETS occur in eukaryotes

Back 53

the inner mitochondrial membrane

Front 54

ETS ultimately pumps

Back 54

protons out of the cell generating the proton motive force

Front 55

Respiratory ETS and ATP synthesis

Back 55

An ETS much be able to harvest energy in small steps such as pmping protons across the membrane

Front 56

Anaerobic respiration

Back 56

makes it so that bacteria and archaea can exist in a place where there isn't oxygen

Front 57

anaerobic respiration terminal electron acceptors

Back 57

nitrogen and sulfate

Front 58

What plays a role in recycling the elements in the biosphere

Back 58

Chemolithotrophy

Front 59

Chemolithotrophy is a form of

Back 59

energy yielding metabolism whereby reduced minerals can serve as electron donors for ETS

Front 60

The Anaerobic oxidation of ammonium to nitrogen gas

Back 60

does yield energy for growth and plays an important role in cycling nitrogen back into the atmosphere

Front 61

a form of hydrogenotrophy in which chlorine is removed from a compound and replaced by a hydrogen

Back 61

Dehalorespiration

Front 62

What is commonly used to supplement traditional commercial mining endeavors

Back 62

microbial leeching by oxidixing minerals and dissolving the metals from rocks.

Front 63

Where does methanogenesis is commonly found?

Back 63

landfills and the digestive systems of cows and humans

Front 64

Lithotrophy corresponds to energy derived from

Back 64

compounds not containing any carbon

Front 65

ogranotrophy derives energy from

Back 65

breakdown of compounds with at least one carbon-carbon bond

Front 66

ancient form of phototrophy

Back 66

bacteriorhodopsin

Front 67

Three things of bacteriorhodopsin

Back 67

relies on a single-protein light driven proton pump

commonly found in haloarchaea

absorbs light in the green range and reflects it in the red and blue ranges appearing purple.

Front 68

Two forms of phototrophy

Back 68

bacteriorhodopsin and proteorhodopsin

Front 69

a bacterial membrane protein that contains retinal and acts as a light-driven proton pump

Back 69

proteorhodopsin

Front 70

light-absorbing pigments which have a light-absorbing electron carrier referred to as a chromophore.

Back 70

Chlorophylls

Front 71

Where are chlorophylls found?

Back 71

Bacteria and plants

Front 72

Chlorophylls of anaerobic phototrophs absorb

Back 72

in the infrared range and appear a deep purple or brown

Front 73

An organism that uses all the metabolic options- heterotrophy, lithotrophy and photosynthesis is referred to as

Back 73

asfacultative phototrophy