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265 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the time where there is no growth and the cells are adjusting to the environment?
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lag phase
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What is the period of time where the culture will grow exponentially because every cell is capable of diffusion?
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log phase
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What is the period of time where new cell growh = cell death?
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stationary phase
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What is the period of time that can last for a long period of time and when the culture cells begins to die all will die?
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death phase
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If an endospore were to grow what is the time when it would grow?
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stationary phase
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What is the name for the lowest temperature?
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minimum temperature
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What is the name for the highest temperature?
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maximum temperature
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What is the name for the best temperature?
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optimum temperature
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What is the name for all three temperatures?
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cardinal growth temperature
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What is most effected by temperature changes?
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membranes and proteins/enzymes
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What happenes to enzymes when there is too high of a temperature?
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denaturation
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What are the 4 categories for bacteria to be placed in based on optimum temperature?
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psychrophiles, mesophiles, thermophiles, hyperthermophiles
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What bacteria grow below room temperature?
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psychrophile
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What bacteria grow at toom temperature to slighly above body temperature?
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mesophile
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What bacteria grow in hot places?
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thermophiles
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What bacteria grow in very hot places?
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hyperthermophiles
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What is the name for the zone between 20 and 50* C?
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Danger Zone
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What is the measure of hydrogen concentration in an environment?
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pH
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What are most effected in the optimum change of pH?
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enzymes
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What are the three categories to place bacteria in that has to do with pH?
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acidophiles, neutrophiles, alkaphiles
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What is the category of pH where the optimum is 0 - 5.5?
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acidophiles
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What is the category of pH where the optimum is 6-8?
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neutrophiles
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What is the category of pH where the optimum is 9-14?
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alkaphiles
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What is the internal pH of the acidophiles and alkaphiles?
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around 7
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If the internal pH is not around 7 what is going to happen to the enzymes?
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denature
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What are the 5 categories that bacteria can placed in based on oxygen concentration?
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obligate aerobes, obligate anaerobes, facultative anaerobes, aerotolerant anaerobes, microaerophiles
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What category of bacteria require oxygen?
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obligate aerobes
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Where is the growth in the test tube if it is an obligate bacteria?
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on the top
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The obligate aerobes like what kind of environment?
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oxic area
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What category of bacteria require no oxygen?
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obligate anaerobes
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Where will growth occur in a test tube if it is a obligate anaerboe?
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on the bottom
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What kind of area do obligate anaerobes like?
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anoxic area
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What kind of bacteria can grow at any level of oxygen but will grow better if oxygen is present?
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facultative anaerobes
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Where is the growth in a test tube if it is a facultatve anaerobe?
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growth throughout, but more on top
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What type of bacteria can grow at any level of oxygen, but don't use it?
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aerotolerant anaerobes
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Where is the growth in the tube if it is a aerotolerant anaerobes?
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throughout the tube
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What type of bacteria need oxygen, but less than atmospheric pressure to grow?
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mircoaerophiles
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Where is the growth in the tube if it is a microaerophile?
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just below the surface
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What are the categories that bacteria can be placed in based on how much osmotic stress they can handle?
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nonhalophiles, halotolerant, halophiles, extreme halophiles
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What bacteria can't tolerate omsotic stress?
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nonhalophiles
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What bacteria will grow best under no osmotic stress, but is capable of tolerating a little bit of osmotic stress?
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halotolerant
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What is an example of a halotolerant?
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Staphlycoccus aureus
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What bacteria can grow with no somotic stress, but grows better with a little osmotic stress?
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halophiles
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What bacteria can not grow unless there is osmotic stress?
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extreme halophiles
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What is the diffusion of water?
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osmosis
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What is the name for available water?
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water activity
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What is the name for when the water activity is equal and water moves back and forth just in an equal fashion?
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isotonic
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What is the name for when water will move out of the cell because there is higher water activity inside the cell?
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hypertonic
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What happens to the cell in a hypertonic solution?
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shrink
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What is another name for shrink?
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plasmolysis
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What is the name for when the water will move into the cell and there is lower water activity inside the cell?
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hypotonic
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What happens to the cell in a hypotonic solution?
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nothing
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What type of environment do bacterium prefer?
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hypotonic
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What is the term for pushing against the cell wall?
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turger pressure
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What is responsible for balancing out how much solute is outside the cell and what bacterial cells use when living in a salty environment?
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osmoprotectants
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What are important features of osmoprotectants?
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water soluble, toxicity, not inhibit metabolism
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What is the name for when the water will move into the cell and there is lower water activity inside the cell?
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hypotonic
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What are the different categories that bacteria can grow in for pressure?
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barotolerant and barophiles
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What happens to the cell in a hypotonic solution?
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nothing
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What bacteria will grow at one atmospheric pressure?
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barotolerant
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What type of environment do bacterium prefer?
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hypotonic
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What bacteria will grow at greater than one atmospheric pressure?
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barophiles
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What is the term for pushing against the cell wall?
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turger pressure
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Where are barophiles found?
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deep ocean
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What is responsible for balancing out how much solute is outside the cell and what bacterial cells use when living in a salty environment?
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osmoprotectants
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What are important features of osmoprotectants?
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water soluble, toxicity, not inhibit metabolism
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What are the different categories that bacteria can grow in for pressure?
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barotolerant and barophiles
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What bacteria will grow at one atmospheric pressure?
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barotolerant
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What bacteria will grow at greater than one atmospheric pressure?
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barophiles
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Where are barophiles found?
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deep ocean
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What are barophiles also called?
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black smokers
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What controls microbrial growth?
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antimircrobials
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What are non-chemical antimicrobrials?
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autoclave, UV light
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What is the purpose of an autoclave?
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destroy endospores
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What is the temp, psi and min things need to be in an autoclave to be sterilized?
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121*C, 15 psi, 15 min
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What UV light has the shortest wavelength?
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UV-C
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What is another name for UV-C?
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germicidal light
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What UV light is most readily absorbed by DNA and kill DNA the best?
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UV-C
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What UV lights get through the ozone layer?
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UV-A and UV-B
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What are chemical antibacterials?
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ethylene oxide, disinfectants, antiseptics, antimicrobials
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What chemical antimicrobials are used in clinical studies?
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ethylene oxide
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What are examples of things that are disinfected by ethylene oxide?
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catheders, bedding
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What chemical antimicrobials are used on objects?
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disinfectants
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What chemical antimicrobial is used on body tissues?
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antiseptics
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What is a chemical antimicrobial that kills or inhibits the growth of a micro-organism?
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antimicrobial
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What word means to inhibit?
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static
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What word means to kill?
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cidal
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What word means to lyse?
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lytic
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What is the concentration of the drug that we want to achieve?
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minimum inhibitory concentration
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What is the concentration we want to avoid?
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sub-inhibitory concentration
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What is a chemical naturally produced by one microorganism to kill or inhibit another microorganism?
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antibiotic
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What are the four groups of organisms that produce the vast majority of Antibiotics?
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penicillin, cephalasporium, bacillus, streptomyces
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What is the name for completely man-made antibiotic?
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synthetic
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What is the name for a natural anti-biotic that have had some modifications to it?
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semi-synthetic
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What is the name of categorizing anti-microbials based on how many types of organisms that drug will work against?
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spectrum of action
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What are the two different spectrums?
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broad and narrow
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Who sought out a drug that would kill all bacteria?
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Paul Ehrlich
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What was the name for the drug that Paul Ehrlich was trying to discover?
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Magic Bullet
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What chemical did Paul Ehrlich develop?
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Salvarson
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What does Salvarson contain?
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arsenic
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What is the term where the chemical is toxic to the pathogen but safe for the host?
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selective toxicity
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Who made the most substantial discoveries toward antibiotics?
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Alexander Fleming
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What did Alexander Fleming discover when he was plating Staphlycoccus?
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Penicillium notatum
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What did Penicillium notatum produce?
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Penicillin F
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Who found the best producing strain of penicillin on a canteloupe?
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Mary Hunt
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What strain of penicillin was found on the canteloupe?
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Penicillin G
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What are the four different mechanisms for resistance for a bacteria?
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modify the target, modigy the antibacterial, block access to the target, and pumps
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What is the name for the pump that will take drugs of similar chemical composition and pump every single one of them out?
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multi-drug resistance pumps
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What are the two parts of the peptidoglycan?
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glycan backbone and amino acid crosslinking
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What are the NAG-NAM bonds held together by?
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glycosidic bond
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How many amino acids are attached to one NAM?
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4
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What is the name for 4 amino acids attached to 4 other amino acids?
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tetrapeptide
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What two amino acids are used in cross linking?
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L-amino acid and D-amino acid
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What amino acid do we use?
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L-amino acid
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Is syphilis a bacillus, coccus, spirochete, or spirrlium bacteria?
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spirochete bacteria
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What is the bacteria that causes syphilis?
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Treponema pallidum
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How is syphilis bacterium trasnmitted?
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body fluids
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What is the majority of syphilis passed?
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sexual content
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What is the name for syphilis that is passed across the placenta?
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congenital syphilis
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When is a fetus susceptible to congenital syphilis?
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after 4th month of gestation
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If the fetus is infected with syphilis after the 4th month what does it usually result in?
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spontaneous generation
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What are some of the problems a child will have it is born with syphilis?
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skeletal problems, brain problems, heart defects
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What did syphilis used to be treated with before the introduction of penicillin?
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liquid mercury
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What did the English refer to Syphilis as?
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French Disease
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What are the four stages of syphilis?
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primary, secondary, latent, tertiary
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What is the lesion that is present during primary syphilis?
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chancre
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What happens during primary syphilis?
|
spirochete is able to go skin to skin,
wherever it is, it can infect the skin creates a lesion called a chancre the chancre is painless the wound will clear up by itself, but the organism is still present organism has gone into bloodstream |
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What is the name for the rash that develops during secondary syphilis?
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pockey
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What happens during secondary syphilis?
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It is all over the body
Bacteria is traveling through th blood stream and causes damage to blood vessels (pockey) can also affect hair follicles (alapecia: hair loss) Individual is extremely contagious |
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What happens during Latent Syphilis?
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no symptoms
can be in this stage for a long period of time it is non-contagious except for a fetus it becomes non-treatable |
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What happens during tertiary syphilis?
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organism is very difficult to destroy
this stage is more of an over activity of the immune system leads to Gummas This is an autoimmune situation |
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What are the raised leasions that are an accumulation of your cells during tertiary syphilis?
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Gummas
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What are the two most noticeable results of autoimmune diseases that result from syhilis?
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cardiovascular dieseae and neurosyphilis
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Chlamydia require oxygen inside a cell. What is the name for this?
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obligate intracelluar parasite
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Compared to E.coli, chlamydia has a very small what?
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genome
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Why does chlamydia have a small genome?
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it is restricted and it can use the host cell's genome or the products from the host
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Why does Chlamydia take energy from its host?
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it doesn't have a complete metabolic pathway
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What kind of lifestyle does Chlamydia have?
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biphasic lifestyle
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What are the two forms chlamydia can live in?
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elementary body and reticulate body
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What form of Chlamydia is the infectious form?
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elementary body
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What is the smaller form that Chlamydia can live in?
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elementary body
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What is going on during the elementary body stage of chlamydia?
|
it is very small
very thick and rigid cell wall incapable of binary fission infectious form retains water body gets engulfed by a host cell once in contact stays inside the vesicle known as an inclusion converts to different body |
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What is the larger form that Chlamydia can live in?
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reticulate body
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The reticulate body has no shape. What is the name for this?
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amorphous
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What is going on during the reticulate body stage of chlamydia?
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the cell wall has to be broken down and then it ends up not being existent
it begins to divide |
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What is the bacteria that causes bacterial sexually transmitted disease?
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C. trachomatis
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If C. trachomatis gets into the eye of a newborn and the eye gets infected what is it called?
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scoring
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What is C. trachomatis the number one cause of?
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preventable blindness
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What Chlamydia bacteria causes parrot fever?
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C. psittaci
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What Chlamydia bacteria is the leading cause of walking pneumonia?
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C. pneumoniae
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What is the name for the object that facilitates the passing of a disease?
|
fomite
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What is the neurological disease that is acellular and used to be called slow virus?
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prions
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Who was the scientist who helped the Fore tribe?
|
Carleton Gajdusek
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What disease the Fore Tribe have?
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Kuru
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What was the Fore tribe consuming that caused them to die?
|
nervous tissue
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What disease is Prion's like?
|
scrapie
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What is the name for the space in the brain that is caused by Prions and Scrapie?
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spongiform encephalopathies
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Who was the first scientist to actually show a protein that caused Prions and named the bacteria?
|
Stanely Prusiner
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If a mis-folded membrane were to be consume and the proteins travel through the intestinal tract, what type of disease can occur?
|
Creutzfeld-Jakob Disease
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What was the 2nd largest pandemic in history?
|
Bubonic Plague
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The people who survived the Bubonic Plague were believed to have survived because they lacked what gene?
|
CCR5
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What organism causes Bubonic Plague?
|
Yersinia pestis
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Is Yersinia pestis a gram-negative or gram-positive?
|
gram-negative
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What is the morpholgy of Yersinia pestis?
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bacillus
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What is the appearance of Yersinia pestis when it is stained?
|
saftey pin appearance
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What is the Vector and reservoir for Bubonic Plague?
|
vector: flea
reservoir: rat |
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Yersinia pestis has a tropism for what?
|
lymph nodes
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What is the name for swolllen lymph nodes?
|
bubo
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What are the lesions that occur all over the body due to Bubonic Plague?
|
hemorrhages
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After the hemorrhages from the Bubonic Plague, what occurs?
|
neucrosis
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Who was the "character" that evolved because of the Bubonic Plague?
|
Doctor Schnabel von Rom
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What disease can occur when the Bubonic Plague is spread through aerosol?
|
pneumonic plague
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What are the three different types of Rickettsias?
|
Rickettsia, Ehrlichia, and Wolbachia
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|
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What is the infection of white blood cells and causes damage to the immune system?
|
Ehrliciosis
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|
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What is the name for bacteria that from relationships with insects?
|
symbioses
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What bacteria causes Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever?
|
B. ricketsii
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What is the diesase caused by B. ricketsii?
|
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
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What is the vector for rocky mountain spotted fever?
|
ticks
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What is the vector for rocky mountain spotted fever in the east?
|
dog tick
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What is the vector for rocky mountain spotted fever in the west?
|
wood tick
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What is the most common way to get infected with rocky mountain spotted fever?
|
slaiva
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What disease causes epidemic typhus?
|
R. prowazekii
|
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What does R. prowazekii cause?
|
Epidemic Typhus
|
|
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What is the vector for epidemic typhus?
|
lice
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What is the name that means related to fever and disorientation?
|
stupor
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What disease did Anne Frank die from?
|
Epidemic Typhus
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What is the bacteria that has the same O Antigen as R. prowazekii?
|
Proteus Mirabalis OX19
|
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What disease do the people that serve as a reservoir for Epidemic Typhus have?
|
Brill-Zinser Disease
|
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Where do people with Brill-Zinser Disease harbor R. prowazekii?
|
in their lymph nodes
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What is the bacteria that causes Endemic Murine Typhus?
|
R. typhi
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|
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What disease does R. typhi cause?
|
Endemic Murine Typhus
|
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What can serve as the reservoir for Endemic Murine Typhus?
|
rats
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What is the vector for Endemic Murine Typhus?
|
flea
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What is the name for something that is always present in a populatoins at low levels?
|
endemic
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What is the name for a localized outbreak?
|
epidemic
|
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Who discovered the Ricketsia bacteria?
|
Howard Rickets
|
|
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What is used to make Ricketsia grow?
|
eggs
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What human organ has the closest similarity to Ricketsia?
|
DNA in mitochondria
|
|
|
What is the name for the theory of why human mitochonria's DNA is prokaryotic?
|
Endosymtiont Theory
|
|
|
What is the term for program cell death?
|
apoptosis
|
|
|
Describe the Endosymbiont Theory?
|
a prokaryote engulfed another prokaryoted, the engulfed one decides to stay and it turns into a eukaryote, over time the engulfed one takes control of program cell death. The engulfed cells genes are degraded, so if it signals Apoptosis it dies so the cell is no longer free living?
|
|
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Alternating amino acids help resist what, that break peptide bonds?
|
normal enzymes
|
|
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What is the rare amino acid that bacteria use?
|
Diaminopimelic Acid (DAP)
|
|
|
What is the cell wall of a bacteria?
|
polymer
|
|
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What are the individual parts of a monomer?
|
polymer
|
|
|
What are the parts of a monomer?
|
1 NAG attached to 1 NAM attached to a Pentapeptide
|
|
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What are the 3 parts of the monomer called as a whole?
|
Park Nucleotide
|
|
|
What is inside a bacterial cell, that is organic, and wants to be stuck in the membrane?
|
bactroprenol
|
|
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When a bacterial cell wall is actively growing, what is there a very controlled balance of?
|
cell wall synthesis and cell wall autolysis
|
|
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What is the term for making?
|
synthesis
|
|
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What is the term for breaking?
|
autolysis
|
|
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What are enzymes that contribute to autolysis and is constantly breaking down the cell wall?
|
autolysins
|
|
|
What is the enzymes that is responsible for the process of transglycosidation?
|
transglycosidase
|
|
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What does transglycosidase attach?
|
sugars
|
|
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What is the enzyme that is responsible for the process of transpeptidation?
|
transpeptidase
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|
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What does transpeptidsae attach?
|
peptides
|
|
|
What is the name for every single enzyme outside the cell wall that are involved in synthesis?
|
Penicillin Binding Proteins
|
|
|
What are the 4 groups of beta-lactams?
|
penicllins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, monobactams
|
|
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Is penicllin a broad or narrow spectrum?
|
narrow
|
|
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What bacteria do penicillin work on?
|
gram-positives
|
|
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Can penicillin be taken orally?
|
no, acid sensitive
|
|
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What enzyme breaks the bond between the Nitrogen=Carbon bond?
|
penicillinase
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|
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What is the Mode of Action of penicillin?
|
penicillin binds to transpeptidase, bacterium can't completely hook the Park Nucleotide into the cell wall, autolysis continues, synthesis can't keep up, cell bursts under turgor pressure
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|
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What are the examples of Penicillin?
|
methicillin, ampicillin, and amoxacillin
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|
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What penicillin drug is semi-synthetic, stable, can be taken orally, penicillinase resistant, and narrow spectrum?
|
methicillin
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|
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What penicllin drug is acid stable, broader specturm of action, and penicllinase sensitive?
|
ampicillin and amoxacillin
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|
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What chemical can be added to ampicillin and amoxacillin that inhibits penicillinase?
|
clavulanic acid
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|
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What is the name for the antibacterial that is clavulanic acid and amoxacillin used together?
|
augmentin
|
|
|
What beta-lactam is produced by cephalosporiums?
|
cephalosporins
|
|
|
What are the groups of cephalosporins called?
|
Group I - IV, Orally Active
|
|
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What is an example of the cephalosporin orally active?
|
cephalexin
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What is the broadest spectrum of Beta-Lactams?
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carbapenems
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What are some examples of carbepenem?
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imipenem and mirpenem
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For imipenem to gether through the outer membrane, it goes through a channel called what?
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Outer Membrane Porins
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What is the narrowest specturm of Beta-Lactams?
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monobactams
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Monobactams only work against ony transpeptidase, what is it?
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PBP3
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Where is PBP3 found?
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certain gram-negatives
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What are some example of monobactams?
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aztreonam
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What drug is used for UTI's?
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aztreonam
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What is naturally produced by streptomyces?
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glycopeptides
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What drug is an example of glycopeptide?
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vancomysin
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Why is Vancomysin the last resort drug?
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has liver toxicity
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What is the Mode of Action for Vancomysin?
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it binds to last amino acid in park nucleotide, it can't be cross linked with other parts of the cell wall, weak cell wall, autolysis, turgor pressure, cell bursts
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How is Vancomysin usually administered?
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IV
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What antibiotic is produced by bacillus?
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bacitracin
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What is the bacterium that causes Lyme Disease?
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Borrelia burgdoerferi
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What is the shape of Borrelia burgdoergeri?
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spriochete
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Who discovered the bacteria that causes Lyme Disease?
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William Burgdorfer
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Why is Vancomysin the last resort drug?
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has liver toxicity
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What is the number 1 tick born illness in the U.S.?
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Lyme Disease
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|
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What is the Mode of Action for Vancomysin?
|
it binds to last amino acid in park nucleotide, it can't be cross linked with other parts of the cell wall, weak cell wall, autolysis, turgor pressure, cell bursts
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What is the vector for Lyme Disease in the East and Midwest?
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deer tick
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How is Vancomysin usually administered?
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IV
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What is the vector for Lyme Disease in the West?
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western black legged tick
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What antibiotic is produced by bacillus?
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bacitracin
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|
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What is the bacterium that causes Lyme Disease?
|
Borrelia burgdoerferi
|
|
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What is the shape of Borrelia burgdoergeri?
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spriochete
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|
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Who discovered the bacteria that causes Lyme Disease?
|
William Burgdorfer
|
|
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What is the number 1 tick born illness in the U.S.?
|
Lyme Disease
|
|
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What is the vector for Lyme Disease in the East and Midwest?
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deer tick
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|
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What is the vector for Lyme Disease in the West?
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western black legged tick
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What is the reservoir for Lyme Disease in the East and Upper Midwest?
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rodents
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What is the reservoir for Lyme Disease in the West?
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small lizards
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What is the name for the rash you get with Lyme Disease?
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erythemia migrans
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What happens if Lyme Disease is untreated?
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damaging effects on cardiobascular system and CNS, leads to Bell's Palsy
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