Micro Test 1

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Prokaryotic structure containing nutrients

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Granules

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Primitive Nucleus

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Prokaryote

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Has No Nuclear Membrane

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Prokaryote

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Nucleoid

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Arrangement of Prokaryotic nuclear material in the cell

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Plasmid

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Prokaryotic structure containing Extrachromasomal DNA

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Process of bacterial survival via plasmid:

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•Bacteria are exposed to an antibiotic and recognize it as a harmful substance
•Bacteria start to genetically encode for recognition of the antibiotic
•The bacteria undergo some form of mutation so that if they’re exposed again, they are immune to the effects of the antibiotic
•The bacteria can then spread this resistance to other bacteria, even between genuses

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Site for cellular respiration in bacteria

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Cell Wall

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Pili

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hair-like structures or “fringe”

Important for adherence

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Why drink cranberry juice for a UTI?

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It is thought that cranberry juice interferes with the pili attachment of E. Coli in the bladder

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Neisseria gonorrhoeae target cell placement

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Vaginal mucosa

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Flagellum

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locomotion towards a food source or away from a toxin

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Mesosome

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•involution of the cell membrane (coiling)
•During replication, the mesosome pulls daughter cells apart; an “anchor” during cell division

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Eukaryotes

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True nucleus present; complex

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Mitochondria

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Where cellular respiration happens in eukaryotes

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SER and RER

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In eukaryotes not in prokaryotes
-RER contains ribosomes = protein sysnthesis; prokaryotes' ribosomes are scattered
-SER - site for lipid metabolism.

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Ribosome subunits in both prokaryote and eukaryotes and importance

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• Prokaryote: 70S = 30S + 50S
• Eukaryotes: 80S = 40S + 60S
• This is important for drug targeting: can affect ribosomes of prokaryotes only (selectivity)

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Pili specificity

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antigenically

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cell wall importance

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for identification of bacteria (ex/ Gram staining)

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Peptidoglycan

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• in the cell wall; gives the cell shape, makes it more rigid, resists phagocytosis, and is pyrogenic (causes fever and stimulates the immune system)

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Network of peptidoglycan layer is composed of two sugars:

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• NAG: N-acetylglucosamine
• NAM: N-acetylmuramic acid

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Gram positive bacteria

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Have a thick layer of peptidoglycan

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Gram positive bacteria

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• Gram stain will stain the peptidoglycan layer (purple)

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Teichoic acid

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a water soluble substance that plays a role in bacteria’s virulence (ability to cause disease)

in the cell wall of G+ bacteria

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Lipoteichoic acid

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serves more as a surface antigen; denotes various serotypes of a bacteria

in the cell wall of G+ bacteria

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Gram negative bacteria

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thinner layer of peptidoglycan

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Gram negative bacteria

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No teichoic acid or lipoteichoic acid

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Gram negative bacteria

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thin outer liposaccharide membrane

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T or F: A Gram-positive sepsis (septicemia: bacteria in the bloodstream that causes an infection) is far better than a Gram-negative sepsis

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true

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Gram negative bacteria

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Outer membrane is a lipopolysaccharide

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Lipid A function, found in which organisms and linkage

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•serves as an endotoxin (causes fever, vasodilation)
•Shared by all enterobacteriacea: E.Coli, Pseudomonas, Proteus, Serratia, Enterobacter, Citrobacter, Klebsiella
•Core polysaccharide: linkage of 10-12 sugars

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O-side chains

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antigenic, and denote a further division of the serotype of the organism

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H and O in Escherichia coli O157:H7 stands for

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• O = side chain serotype
• H = flagella serotype

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Gram negative

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bacteria will stain pink

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Gram Staining Process

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•Collect sputum: take swab and apply to a slide; let it air dry
•Heat fix: pass through a flame or Methanol
•Apply crystal violet: Crystal violet will adhere to the peptidoglycan layer
•Rinse
•Add iodine, which serves as a mordant for the dye (helps it to adhere)
•Rinse
•Decolorization: use alcohol or acetone to decolorize
•Use an acetone-based solvent or alcohol which disintegrates the outer membrane, causing the dye to wash away on Gram negative bacteria
•Rinse
•Apply safranin: a bright red stain that acts on Gram negative bacteria (nothing happens to Gram positive bacteria because they’re already colored by the crystal violet dye)
•Gram negative bacteria will now appear pink

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Clustered coccus, linear coccus

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Staphylococcus, Streptococcus

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Penicillin and effects on bacteria

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acts by attacking the think peptidoglycan wall, so it would be a good choice for fighting a gram positive bacteria

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TNTC

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too numerous to count – term often used in microbiology when quantifying)

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coccobacillary

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(A bacillus that is short and oval in shape) – this would clue you in to a Haemophilus organism

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Haemophilus influenzae

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Gram negative, coccobacillary

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Neisseria gonorrhoeae

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Gram negative diplococcic bacteria, Coffee beans

Vag sample

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Clostridium tetani

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Gram positive bacteria, Bacillus, Obligate anaerobe: doesn’t like oxygen, oxygen will kill the bacteria, spore forming

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Spore forminng

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-do not pick up the gram stain: there will be a clearing where it is located
-is generally triggered when there is a lack of nutrients in the area – forms so it can survive without nutrients

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enterobacteriaceae

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• Gram negative bacteria
• Rod-shaped

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Camplobacter

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•can cause gastroenteritis; Symptom: Diarrhea
•Gram negative bacteria
•Unique comma shape

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Site for cellular respiration in bacteria

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Mycobacteria (e.g., mycobacterium tuberculosis)

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Cell wall's waxy surface will not allow the Gram stain dyes to penetrate

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Mycobacteria (e.g., mycobacterium tuberculosis)

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lots of white cells are present and there are no bacteria on a gram stain, it may be which type

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Mycobacteria (e.g., mycobacterium tuberculosis)

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allows bacteria to become dormant – can stay dormant for years
•Also helps to resist drying, especially outside of the body (helps it to stay alive)

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Mycolic acid

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One of the smallest free living bacteria

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Mycoplasma

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•Atypical organism
•Strict aerobe
•Grows very slowly

cant see it on a gram stain

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Mycoplasma

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bacteria that causes walking pneumonia:

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Mycoplasma pneumoniae

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Fried Egg appearance on agar

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Mycoplasma pneumoniae

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Acid Fast Staining Procedure

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-Organism suspended in saline solution is fixed on a slide
-Slide flooded with Carbol Fuschin and phenol for 3 min,
-Rinse
-Decolorized with 3% HCl in 70% alcohol until color arrears to be removed
-rinse
-Flood with methylene blue for 30 sec
-rinse and air dry

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Acid Fast organisms stain:
Non Acid Fast Organisms stain:

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Purple, Blue

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uses a heating process, which increases the uptake of the carbol fuchsin in acid fast staining

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Kinyoun Modification

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Color of:
Acid fast organisms
Non-acid fast organisms

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appear red after staining, are green or blue

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type of staining that uses a fluorescent dye that’s a flurochorome

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Auramine-rhodamine stain

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staining technique used to visualize acid-fast bacilli using fluorescence microscopy, notably species in the Mycobacterium genus.

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Auramine-rhodamine stain

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Acid Fast organisms color in Auramine-rhodamine stain

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fluorescent yellow-green

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Bacterial growth curve phases and what occurs

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1. Lag phase: period of adjustment
2. Exponential growth (log phase): rapid cell division
3. Stationary phase: nutrients are depleted and toxic products accumulate , causing cell growth to slow and eventually stop
4. Bacterial cell death : usually occurs because the organism has used up all nutrients in the area and toxins have continued to build

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generally unicellular & replicate asexually

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Yeast

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Filamentous—multicellular, replicates sexually or asexually

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Mold

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dimorphic

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can exist in both forms: yeast & molds

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Organism that can have hyphae or mold form within the body

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Candida species

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Organism growth may cover entire plate—hairy/wooly looking

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Mycelium

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To prove a fungus:

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-Skin scraping—take from peripheral area (because fungi will expand along perimeter)
-Perform a wet mount and look for hyphae or spores

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Organism causing ring worm from a fungal infection

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Tinea corpeus

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-Bacteria that has a capsule
-cause meningitis in immune compromised patients

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Cryptococcus neoformans

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Use India Ink to determine this bacteria

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Cryptococcus neoformans

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-Stain has a negative charge
-Capsule has a negative charge
-These charges repel each other & see an area of clearing around the organism, representing the capsule

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India Ink

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Different Shapes of Bacteria

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-Cocci (Spherical)
-Spirilla (Helical)
=>We have normal spirochete in our mouth so not all considered pathogenic
-Bacillus (Rod)
-Other forms: Vibrio (“comma shape”)—Campylobacter

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Syphillis: shape and caused by what bacteria

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—Spirochete: Treponema pallidum

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Monotrichous

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Monopolar flagellation—at one polar end

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Lophotrichous

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Bipolar flagellation—at 2 ends

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Peritrichous

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all around the cell

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Flagella are made up of what protein

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Flagellin

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Sterile sites in body

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-Blood
-Spinal fluid
-Bone Marrow
-Some serous fluid: joint, synovial fluid
-Lower respiratory tract
-Bladder

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used as an undulating push from one area to another

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Cilia

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colonization

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where bacteria persist at a site without causing any disease

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Some bacteria are straight pathogens

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o N. gonorrhea
o Meningitis
o Plasmodium
o Rabies Virus

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Can live in stomach with HCl

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Helicobacter pylori

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Carriers

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-Can pass to others, won’t necessarily cause a problem for you
-Staph aureus—people become carriers in airways
-Salmonella
-Hepatitis B
-MRSA

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Physical barriers

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-Desquamation—shedding
-Keratin—poor carbon source, doesn’t promote colonization of bacteria
-Normal Flora—makes it more competitive for other bacteria to compete for nutrients
-Mucociliary apparatus—pulls up mucus from respiratory tract
-Cilia in GI tract too--Loss of cilia in GI tract can lead to malabsorption
-Tearing --Contains lysosyme enzyme which has an antibacterial effect
-Peristalsis—flush bacteria, natural way to get rid of bacteria
-Stomach hydrochloric acid

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-Chemical barriers

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-Lactic acid—sweat, fatty acids—sebum
-Stomach acid (H.Pylori in ulcers)
-Bile

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change surface molecules, creating new serotypes

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Antigenic variation

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Organisms Resistance to stomach acid

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H. pylori—urease, Giardia—cyst form, C. botulinum—endospores

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organisms produce capsules

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Strep and sequelae;
-Scarlett fever, inflammation of kidney, Rheumatic fever

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net negative charge, help bacteria avoid adverse conditions because has protection & protected against phagocytosis

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Capsules

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uses host proteins to avoid recognition by immune system; through mimicry

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Treponema pallidum

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enzymes that are formed to allow entrance into different part of body

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Secretory IgA protease

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Most diseases are caused by:

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endogenous bacteria and their toxin

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Microbial mechanisms of pathogenicity

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- Adhesions—attachments
- Toxins

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Specimen collection

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Site
-Very important to know which site for a specific specimen is best
Timing
•If specimen sits out-Bacteria start to multiple
•Important to process specimen in a timely fashion
•Get it to lab closely after patient voided
Transport
-Need certain conditions when transported

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Pin worms in sample collection

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-Specimen taken with scotch tape from child’s anus at night time
-Female worm comes down from anus to lay eggs in rectum at night

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Legionella pneumonia in sample collection

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-Urine specimen needs to be submitted at room temperature because looking for antigen in urine specimen. Can’t do a sensitivity

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Small area of gel that needs to be broken in swab container-Provides moisture so cotton swab doesn’t dry out during transport

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Viral-Fluid transport

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tissue deterioration

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Collagenase (gangrene), Hyaluronidase

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lysis of fibrin

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Streptokinase, coagulase

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lyse blood cells

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Hemolysins

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lyse cell membranes

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Phospholipases, Lecithinases

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destroy WBC’s

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Leukocidins

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Most common, (initial flushing action to get rid of flora), This gets rid of colonized bacteria.
in collection of urine

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Urine Midstream collection

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Transport:
•Zip lock bag-catalyst propagates a little bit of CO2 release. Also likes room temperature
•Has vancomycin antibiotic in it-Kills all Gram positive bacteria
•Has colistin antibiotic in it-Kills all Gram negative, except Neisseria
•Has Nystatin in it-Kills fungus
•Promotes growth of just pathogenic Neisseria

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Martin-Lewis or Thayer-Martin transport

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May cause food poisoning, esp. when heated improperly and spores are still there, big problem in rice

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Bacillus cereus

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Indian Ink

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-Helps identify Cryptococcus
-Capsular type stain

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Giemsa stain

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-Chlamydia stain
-Form inclusion bodies with little area on top

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Wright’s Stain

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-Complete blood count, differential
-ID protozoan infection of blood

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Organisms in Dark field Microscopy

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Legionella and Syphilis

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General Purpose agar

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-Contains growth nutrients-support growth of many bacteria
-Blood agar plate is an example