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176 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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smallest free living bacteria
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mycoplasma
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Eaton's reagent
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M.pneumonia: most important mycoplasma
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primary virulence factor for m. penumonia
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P1 adhesion protein - allows binding to resp ciliary epi cells
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sterols in cell membrane and no cell wall
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mycoplasma
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M.pneumonia causes...
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upper and lower respiratory infections with atypical walking pneumonia in lower and pharyngitis, otitis media, and tracheobronchitis in upper
also dry cough |
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M. pneumonia causes what disorder with the P1 adherence protein
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ciliostasis - with eventual cell destruction and reduced ciliary clearance
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lab Dx for M pneumonia
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4 fold higher then expected titers - growth is very slow in culture (treat with teracycline and erythromycin - bc since there is no cell wall ALL those Antibiotics would not work)
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legionella, bordetella, and haemophilus are all what kind of organisms
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non-enteric gram (-) rods
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pseudomonas and klebsiella are what kind of organisms
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non-enteric gram (-) rods
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Legionella pnerumophilia grows on what
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agar with high iron and cysteine
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legionares disease is...
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legionella - bad with fever, dry cough, and multifocal necrotizing atypical pneomonia (not bad disease is pontiac fever which looks like the flu)
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aquatic saprophyte that can parasitize amoeba and is resistant to disinfectants like chlorine
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legionella
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has a C3b coat in order to be opsonized by alveolar macros and monos via CR3 R
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Legionella
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Dx uses a Dieterle silver stain
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Legionella (p.s. it can live intracellulary via inhib phago/lysosome fusion
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Klebsiella virulence factors
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capsule, endotoxin,proteases
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gram (-) organisms that causes UTIs and pneumonia; colonies have a mucoid like appearance
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klebsiella
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klebsiella treatment
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large Ab resistance so determined via sensitivity testing
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chest xray that looks patchy and worse then it appeared on physical exam
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mycoplasma p.
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how to test for mycoplasma
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cold agglutinins and complement 4 fold increase titers - also makes colonies that look like a fried egg or a mulberry
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can enter a low metabolic state and exist in a biofilm
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legionella
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gram - that causes pyelonephritis and pelvic inflammatory disease and is found in the genito-urinary tract
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Mycoplasma hominis
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causes swimmers ear and folliculitis and recurring pneumonia in patients with cystic fibrosis
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pseudomonas
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virulence factors for pseudomonas
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exotoxin A (like diptheria) exotoxin S for targeting several inter cellular proteins and adhesins as well as type III inoculation of exotoxins, and capsule
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produces a fruity aroma and a variety of colors on growth
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pseudomonas
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bordetella virulence factors
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endotoxin, pertussin toxin, cyclolysin, tracheal cytotoxin, filamentous hemagglutinin causing whooping cough
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major pseudomonas diseases
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pneumonia, UTI, wound/burn infections, swimmers ear
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needs nicotinomide for growth on agar because drys easily
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bordetella
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describe how cyclolysin works (the bordetella virulence factor)
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it increases cAMP and turned on by calmodulin to work with pertussis toxin to increase respiratory and mucus secretions
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3 stages of whooping cough
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1) catarrhal, most infectious acts like a cold 2) paroxysmal where u get the cough 3) convalescent no longer contagious
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how to collect bordetella for culture
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will not grow on cotton so use a calcium alginate swab then smear onto a Bordet - Gencou medium (treat this bacteria with erythromycin
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causes tularemia or rabbit/muskrat fever
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francisella tularensis
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francisella virulence factors
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capsule, intracellular living, endotoxin
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how do u get francisella?
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infected animals, ticks, eating it, skinning them - causes lymphadenapathies
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causes undulant fever (highest at night with coolest at morning)
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brucella with brucellosis aka Malta fever aka Mediteranian remittant fever
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intracellular pathogen that causes granulomas in lymph nodes, spleen, marrow, and liver
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brucella
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what forms of E coli cause watery diarrhea?
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ETEC, EPEC, and EAEC
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what forms of E coli form dysentery?
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EIEC
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what forms of E coli form hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome
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EHEC
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what forms of E coli form neonatal meningitis?
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E coli K1
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causes travelors diarrhea (e coli)
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ETEC
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e.coli: who has shiga like toxins and who has plasmid mediated invasion
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shiga = EHEC and plasmid = EAEC
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e. coli: who has heat labile and stable toxins and who has attachment and effacement via destruction of microvilli due to actin rearrangement?
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ETEC and EPEC
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who has regular endotoxin causing sepsis and who has antiphagocytic capsule (e.coli)
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host flora e.coli and E coli K1
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e. coli: who has P pili adherence to uroepithelial cells and who has plasmid mediated aggregative adherence
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UPEC and EAEC
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how can u tell the difference btwn e.coli and salmonella on an agar plate
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e.coli can metab lactose and sorbitol and salmonella cant do lactose
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how do u distinguish salmonella from other non-lactose fermentors?
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H2S production and motility
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virulence factors of salmonella typhi
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Vi polysacharide capsule and endotoxin (s. enterica has invasion and endotoxin)
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who enters the blood through M cells then replicates in the liver and in the carrier state is in the gall bladder
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salmonella typhi
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who makes HUS
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shigella - most common method of spread is fecal oral
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how do u tell shigella from salmonella
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they do not make H2S and are not motile (although like them they also do not ferment lactose)
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what are the Yersinia virulence factors and what diseases does it cause?
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dysentery and hepatic absesses and factors: heat stable enterotoxin and invasion and endotoxin
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which gram negative buggy had high metabolic rate at low temps (4 degrees)
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yersinia,
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which gram - rod causes rice water stools - how many bacteria do u need for infection
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vibrio cholera and billions
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what are the cholera virulence factors?
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mucinase and flagella (penetrate the mucous layer covering the intestines) and adhesions (promote tight binding) and cholera toxin (an A-B) the A catalyses the ADP ribosylatiton of Gs and he B binds GM1 ganglioside Rs
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which gram - rod is associated with Guillian barre and inflammatory bowel disease
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campylobacter jejuni
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EMB agar
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methylene blue inhibs gram + and anyone who ferments lactose makes deep purple/ black (e coli makes metallic green)
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MacConkey agar
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bile salts inside inhib gram + and lactose fermentors make pink/purple colors
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the three major surface antigens of the enterics
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O for outer part of LPS
K for capsule H for flagella (so only motile bugs will have this) |
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EHEC is found in what and its shiga toxin does what
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infected hamburger meet and unpasteurized apple juice and the shiga toxin is a verotoxin that inhibs the 60s ribosome
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what will u see in EIEC?
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the plasmid lets in get into the epi cell so inflammation happens with fever and WBC are blood are found in the diarrhea CALLED SHIGELLOSIS
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what does the salmonella Vi virulence factor do?
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a polysaccaride capsule that surrounds the O An to protect against Antibody attack. just like the K capsule but its named Vi for virulence
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how do cholera and ETEC cause death
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dehydration
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what are the three most common diarrhea causing bugs in the world
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camp jejunum, ETEC, and rotavirus
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most common cause of duadenal ulcers
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h pylori
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biochemical tests:
1) H2S 2) urease |
H2S: Salmonella (+) Shigella (-)
urease: K. pneumoniae, Proteus, H. pylori |
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Components of HEK agar:
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lactose, sucrose, salicin, bromthymol blue (pH indicator), bile salts (inhibit Gram positive)
fermentation causes yellow, salmon or orange color otherwise translucent green ferric ammonium citrate (black ppt if H2S producer) |
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for ETEC the heat stabile toxin does what and the heat labile does what
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Heat stable: binds and stimulates guanylate cyclase and increases cGMP
heat labile: ADP ribosylation of Gs (remains active), activation of adenylate cylcase and increases in cAMP |
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can cause reactive arthritis if you have HLA B27
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yersinia
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how do u treat h pylori
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combination antibiotics: amoxicillin or tetracycline, metronidazole
proton pump inhibitors: omeprazole bismuth (anti inflammatory) |
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what is the most common anaeribic bacteria and what does it do
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bacterioides fragilis and it causes abdominal absesses, peritonititis, gyn infections, and bacteremia - most often occuring post-trauma
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all clositridium anaerobes make...?
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spores
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which anaerobe causes a double zone of hemolysis and causes gas gangrene and food poisoning
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clostridium perfringes
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which anaerobe is responsible for toxic megacolon, pseudomembranous colitis, and Ab associated diarrhea
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clostridium difficile
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who is part of the oral flora and can cause cervicofacial, abdominal, and brain absesses as well as periodontal disease
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Asctinomyces israelii - has yellow sulfer granules in pus
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which gram neg bacteria does not have an endotoxin
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B fragilis
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why are anerobes having problems with O2
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reduced levels of catalase and superoxide dismutases and no cytochrome systems
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aerortolerant bacteria that tolerate small amounts of air
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Microaerophilic
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Gram(+); spores); aerotolerant
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clostridium perfringens
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Nagler test
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(detects alpha toxin) for c. perfringens
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what does tetanospasm toxin block
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neurotransmitter (GABA, glycine) release for inhibitory synapses resulting in spastic paralysis.
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Associated with acne in teenagers
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Propionibacterium (from the fatty acids that it produces and causes localized irritation)
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abundant in women with vaginitis and it is half moon shaped
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Mobiluncus mulieris
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causitive agents of meningitis (7)
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Neisseria meningitidis
Haemophilus influenzae Streptococcus pneumoniae Staphylococci Escherichia coli Group B Streptococcus Listeria monocytogenes |
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causes of meningitis in neonates
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Group B Streptococcus
E. coli K1 Listeria monocytogenes |
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causes of meningitis 1 mo. to 15 years
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Neisseria meningitidis
Streptococcus pneumoniae Haemophilus influenzae |
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common cause of meningitis 15 +
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Streptococcus pneumoniae
Neisseria meningitidis Staphylococci (S. aureus, S. epidermidis) Listeria monocytogenes |
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host defenses against food poisoning
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secreted IgA, bowel motility to prevent attachment, low stomach pH, and intestinal flora for exclusion effect
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what causes 95% of food illness following seafood
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vibrio vulnificus
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how does vibrio vilnificus present?
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cellultis, septicemia, gastoenteritis (can also infect wounds with sea water)
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Acute disease conveys symptoms of cystitis, fever, chills, lower back pain.
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prostatitis
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urgency, frequency, dysuria;
suprapubic tenderness, turbid urine |
cystitis
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Produces urease, Raises urine pH, and Promotes renal stones
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Proteus Mirabilis
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leprosy who has + test and no organisms
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tuberculoid has no organisms and yes to lepromin test - treat nnnn
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during a biochemical test for M TB what does it produce to distringuish itself
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niacin
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M leprae can replicate and survive in what
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macros and swann cells
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why does an acid fast stain work
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it puts red on the mycolic acids (which has cord factor, Wax D, and sulfatides) - the sulfatides inhib phago/ lyso fusion
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CENTRAL STEPS IN DEVELOPMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF THE TUBERCULOUS GRANULOMA
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onset, symbiosis, control CMI, liquefaction
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which bacteria cannot be grown in culture
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leprosy myco
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how does the leprosy myco bind to the swann cell?
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Penetrates Schwann cells of peripheral nervous system via laminin-2 which then binds alpha- dystroglycan
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self limiting disease mycobacterial, better prognosis -evidence a more polarized TH1 response in this group (few organisms present but + test)
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tuberculoid:
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progressive disease associated with weak CMI and augmented Ab production (polarized TH2) - mycobacteria with lots of organisms that fails the test
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lepromatous:
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dropped foot, eyes cant close, clawed hand, curved fingers
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tuberculoid leprosy
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saddle nose deformity, no eyebrows
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Lepromatous leprosy
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how big is the macule if u have a + PPD
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≥15 mm of induration
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treatment for leprosy
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dapsone, rifampicin, and clofazimine
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what is the most sexually transmitted disease and what are its two bodies
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Chlamydia trachomatis and it has an inside reticular body and an outside elementary body (the infetious particle)
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lyme disease
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borrelia burgdorferi - spirochete
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u get sick from cleaning up after birds - whats up?
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chlamydiaphilia psittaci
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treatment induced fever after treating for spirochetes - releasing endotoxins
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Jarisch-Herxheimer rxn
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weils disease
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Leptospira interrogans
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which organisms is so infective that you need to alert the lab before u sent it in
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frank the bunny francissela
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klebsiella causes what two diseases
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1) necrotizing pneumonia
2) UTIs |
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which 3 are anaerobic bacteria
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clostriduim, actinomyces israelii, and bacteriodes fragilis
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which 4 can live intracellular? and which gram - with no peptidoglycan
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legionalla, rickettsia, brucella, frank the bunny; chlamydia
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the most common STD in the US
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Chlamydia trachomatis
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lime disease:
vector, 3 stages, bug |
spirochete: borriella bugdorphi
on the Ixodes tick (prolonged 24 hr feed) 1= erythema bulls eyes rash, fever, malaise, chills 2 = neuro bells palsey or numbness, myocarditis, meningitis, 3= chonic neuro and polyarthritis |
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recurrent fever NOT brucellosis
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borrelia recurrentis from the louse and borrelia hermis from ticks - they persist because of antigenic variation
these are spirochetes! |
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syphillus (aka...) and its 3 stages
what two diagnostic tests do u do to find this out? |
treponema pallidum
1 = chancre 2= condyloma lata with over all rash except palms and soles 3= aorrtic aneurysm, gumma, meningitis cant grow in cell free environment so use a VDRL and Ab reagin against cardiolipin; p.s. Ab titers will now stay positive for life |
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cannot be grown in cell free culture
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syphillus (T. pallidum) and mycobacteria leprae, and ricketsia
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what organism is from animal urine contamination and what 3 things does it cause
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leptospire interrogans and meningitis, iritis, and weils disease = leptospirosis
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which test do u use to see legionella? specific but not sensitive
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DFA flourescent Ab test
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what kind of organism is klebsiella
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gram - rod
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what kind of organisms is legionella
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gram - baccillus
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what makes cavitary, lobar pneumonia with bloody sputum that looks like currant jelly
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klebsiella
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how do u treat pseudomonas
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combined use of aminoglycosides and ß-lactams; also avoid broad spectrum Antibiotics
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antacids increase your susceptibility to ...?
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salmonella poisoning and campy
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how do u treat salmonella typhi and shigella?
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with ciprofloxacin
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ferrous sulphate is added to agar as a test of what
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H2S - it turns it black
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motile and non-motile organisms
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motile:Salmonella,E. coli, Proteus, Yersinia
nonmotile: shigella and klebsiella |
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when trying to figure out who caused the meningitis u can do a latex agglutination test - and narrow it down to these 5
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Haemophilus influenzae (Hib)
Streptococcus pnemoniae (Sp) Group B streptococcus (GBS) Neisseria meningitidis (Nm A,B,C,Y,W135) Escherichia coli K1 |
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B. fragilus virulence factors: what kind of bacteria?
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gram - anerobe pleomorphic
IgA protease, weak LPS, beta lactamase, capsule, heparinase and collaginase *it makes gas! chomotography of the short fatty acids! |
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how doe c. perfringens cause gas gangrene/ cellulitis/ myonecrosis
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it has toxins A-E with A (phospholipase C) worst and it has a lecithinase that can ferment carbs to *CO2 and H2 gas*, destroy WBC membranes, and alter vascular permeability
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how can u treat for clostridium perfringes
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after + nagler test u need can neutralize the toxin and put in hyperbaric chamber to flood body with O2 + antibiotics for the gangrene but not the food poisoning
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w/ botox there is a binary toxin virulence factor - what does it do
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blocks degradation of the botulism toxin in the gut (itself is not toxic)
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no question - just know that botox and tetanus have something to do with a zinc protease.. maybe they both act as one
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.. :)
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how does ecoli EUEC cause UTIs
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it binds to the galactose R on uro-epi cells
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how does proteus mirabalis cause UTIs
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it makes urease (to make ammonia) and increases pH and hides in renal stones
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special situation UTIs
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from blood: TB, staph, typhoid fever
catheters: staph epi, sapro, candida yeast |
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e. coli are known for being resistant to what drug
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ampicillan
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watery diarrhea x 8
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Vibrio cholerae
ETEC EPEC EAggEC Clostridium perfringens Clostridium difficile Staphylococcus aureus Bacillus cereus |
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Non-motile, non-spore forming, aerobic rods (general name)
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mycobacteria
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why do mycobacteria hold acid-fast stain
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they have rich G/C areas in their mycolic acids
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what are the 4 Runyon groups? these are all non-TB groups
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I - photochrome (change color w light)
II - scotochrome (dont need light) III - nonchromogen IV - rapid grower |
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how does pathogenic mycobacteria create a novel C3 convertase
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C2a association with mycobacteria generates novel C3 convertase activity. C3b deposition/phagocytosis by alveolar macro via C receptors
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what molecule promotes granuloma formation and without it we would have disseminated disease
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TNF alpha
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Most common mycobacterial pathogen in the AIDS population in USA
what symplex to old ladies get? |
Mycobacterium Avium complex (MAC), they can have over 10^10 bacteria per gram tissue
Lady Windermere syndrome from supressing their cough |
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Acid fast organism that cannot be grown in culture and has the longest doubling time of known bacteria (13 days) -may take 20 years for symptoms to appear, also
growth better at cooler temperatures (27-30oC) |
leprosy
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how does leprosy intially present? why is lepratomous worse then tuerculoid
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Temperature sensation lost first, then touch, pain, deep pressure - this happens way before skin lesions
Lepramoutous polarizes Th2 instead of Th1 (tuberculoid) and in general has a weaker CMI |
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how do u do a acid fast?
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Heat bacteria while covered with carbol fuchsin dye, then treat with 3% HCl in ethanol to decolorize, then counter-stained with blue dye
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what is the new TB gold standard test that takes less then 24 hours?
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Quanti-Ferron
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how do u treat leprosy?
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dapsone, rifampicin, and clofazimine is best treatment for preventing nerve damage, deformity, disability and further transmission
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how do u Dx and treat treponum pallidum
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dark field flourescence and with Penn-C or tetracycline
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hard shell vs soft shell
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bugdorphi vs recurrentis
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what does the leptospira endotoxin do to kidneys
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inhibs the Na, K / ATPase
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what are the two unique traits of chlamydia
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no peptidoglyan layer and intracellular obligate
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how does ricketsia work
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it is an intracelluar organism that replicates in the cytoplasm via binary fission
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who is known for their tri-laminar membrane?
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ricketsia
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pale conjunctiva with rash on hands and feet that move inwards, vascuitis with DIC
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ricketsia ricketsia (RMSF)
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what kind of assay for RMSF and drug of choice
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weil- felix, doxycycline
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DIC, pancytopenia, renal failure, GI bleed
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human erlichiosis
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how do u Dx lime disease (2 steps)
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first need a + EIA then do a immunoblot for IgG or IgM
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dear tick only causes what
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lyme disease - bc of the saliva that digests compliment and something with the GI system - can cause bells palsey - NEEDS 2 DAYS OF FEEDING
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how do the spirochetes bind to the microvili
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OspA
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dear tick only causes what
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lyme disease - bc of the saliva that digests compliment and something with the GI system - can cause bells palsey - NEEDS 2 DAYS OF FEEDING
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Larvae acquire, nymphs transmit for ticks and spring summer illness
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bugdorphi lyme disease
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how do the spirochetes bind to the microvili
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OspA
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what does campy need to grow on agar?
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low O2, high CO2, and high temperature
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what happens when antibody to core sugars in LPS of C. jejuni cross react with host gangliosides
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guilian barre peripheral nerve disorder
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how do ricketsia get out of the endosome and into the cytoplasm for their binary fission?
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phospholipase A2 activity
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human erchliochosis - what is the difference btwn HME and HGA
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HME (erchlichosis infects monocytes and HGA (anaplasmosis) infects granulocytes - HGA also comes from the ixodes tick
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typhus fever from the flying squirrel has what organism
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rickettsia prowazekii
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mycoplasma and ureaplasma organisms - what kind of aerobes? what drugs are they susceptible to
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facultative anaerobes AND they are susceptible to tetracycline and erthromycine
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Survive hot temps (65 o C) and disinfectants (chlorine) -can live on decaying material in old plumbing systems
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legionella - bc the amoebas can protect it
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what does pyocyanogin do for psuedomonas?
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makes ROS
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3 things frank can give u
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necrotic lesions, typhoid fever from endotoxins, lymph problems, conjunctivitis - TREAT WITH STREPTOMYCIN
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who does vibrio vulnificans normally affect
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associated with persons with chronic liver disease, alcoholics, immunosuppressed
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