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162 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Strep)
Morphology |
gram +
coccci in pairs.chains encapsulated facultative anaerobe |
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Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Strep)
Class |
catalase-
beta-hemolytic bacitracin sensitive |
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Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Strep)
Pathology |
exotoxins (A, B, C, F)
hyaluronic acid capsule hyaluronidase C5a peptidase (inhibits complement) M proteins (prevents phagocytosis) |
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Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Strep)
Epidemiology |
colonizes oropharynx of ages 5-15.
pharyngitis. spread through breaks in skin higher risk in winter months |
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Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Strep)
disease/symptoms |
pharyngitis
cutaneous infections (scarlet fever, impetigo, necrotizing fascitis) invasive infections toxic shock like syndrome rheumatic fever, acute glomerulonephritis. |
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Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Strep)
Treatment/Vaccine |
penicillin
antibiotic prophylaxis needed for rheumatic fever |
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Streptococcus agalactiae
(Group B Strep) Morphology |
gram + cocci in pairs/chains.
encapsulated faculatative anaerobe. |
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Streptococcus agalactiae
(Group B Strep) classification/diagnosis |
catalase-
beta hemolytic bacitracin resistant |
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Streptococcus agalactiae
(Group B Strep) Pathology |
sialic acid capsule (inhibits alternative complement pathway)
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Streptococcus agalactiae
(Group B Strep) epi |
colonizes lower GI and urogenital tract
spread maternal-fetal in utero leading cause of neonatal infection |
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Streptococcus agalactiae
(Group B Strep) disease/symp |
disseminated infection
maternal disease (bacteremia, UTI) newborn disease (sepsis, meningitis, pneumonia). |
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Streptococcus agalactiae
(Group B Strep) treatment/vaccination |
penicillin
chemoprophylaxis for colonized women peripartum treatum of neonates |
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Staphylococcus aureus
Morph |
gram +
cocci clusters golden color encapsulated facultative anaerobe |
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Staphylococcus aureus
class |
catalase +
coagulase + |
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Staphylococcus aureus
path |
alpha toxin (pore forming)
panton-valentin leukocidin beta toxin (damages cell membrane) toxic shock syndrome toxin enterotoxin, |
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Staphylococcus aureus
epi |
colonizes skin, oropharynx, urogenital tract
25% of adults are persistent carriers |
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Staphylococcus aureus
disease |
scalded skin syndrome
food poisoning toxic shock syndrome (cytokine storm, vascular collapse, peeling skin) cutaneous infections (impetigo, folliculitis, carbuncles) osteomyelitis |
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Staphylococcus aureus
treat |
methicillin/oxacillin for MSSA
vancomysin for MRSA (resistant to b lactams due to mecA gene ecoding altered PBP) |
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Staphylococcus epidermidis
morph |
gram +
cocci clusters facultative anaerobe |
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Staphylococcus epidermidis
class |
catalase +
coagulase - |
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Staphylococcus epidermidis
epi |
colonizes skin
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Staphylococcus epidermidis
disease |
endocarditis
catheter and shunt infections prosthetic joint infections |
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Staphylococcus epidermidis
treatment |
methicillin for methicillin sensitive strains
vanco for MR |
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Streptococcus pneuonia
morph |
gram +
diplococci lancet shaped encapsulated |
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Streptococcus pneuonia
class |
catalase -
alpha hemolytic optochin sensitive take sputum culture |
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Streptococcus pneuonia
path |
CbpA (binds complement factor H)
disease due to trigerring of inflmatory response |
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Streptococcus pneuonia
epi |
colonizes oropharynx
commensal occurs in young and elderly |
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Streptococcus pneuonia
treatment |
penicillin
3rd gen cephalosporins, bactrim, levofloxacin, vanco vaccines available (7 / 13 kids, 23 elderly) |
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Haemophilus influenzae
morph |
gram -
coccobacilli pleomorphic |
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Haemophilus influenzae
class |
grows on blood agar + NAD plates
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Haemophilus influenzae
path |
some strains encapsulated, type b capsular poly saccharide
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Haemophilus influenzae
epi |
80% nosocomial carriers.
most common cause of respiratory tract infection next to strep pneumoniae |
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Haemophilus influenzae
disease |
acute otitis media
pneumonia in nontypeable strains epiglottitis, meningitis |
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Haemophilus influenzae
treat |
penicillin, ampicillin
cephalosporin if resistant to penicillin type b conjugate vaccine for kids |
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Neisseria meningitidis
(meningococcus) morph |
gram -
bean shaped diplococci encapsulated |
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Neisseria meningitidis
(meningococcus) class |
grows on chocolate agar
turns purple with oxidase reagent |
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Neisseria meningitidis
(meningococcus) path |
sialic acid capsule (inhibits alternative complement pathway)
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Neisseria meningitidis
(meningococcus) epi |
5-20% nosocomial carriers
higher risk in infants, people with complement deficiences, older children in concentrated environments during late winter/early spring |
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Neisseria meningitidis
(meningococcus) disease |
meningococcemia (sepsis, petechiae, purpurae)
meningitis |
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Neisseria meningitidis
(meningococcus) treatment |
pencillin or 3rd gen cephalosporin
vaccine for kids |
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Bordetella pertussis
(Whooping Cough) morph |
gram -
coccobacilli aerobe |
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Bordetella pertussis
(Whooping Cough) class |
flurescent antibody test
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Bordetella pertussis
(Whooping Cough) path |
pertussis toxin (adp-ribosylating activity on G proteins, increases cAMP, promotes resp secretion and reduces neutrophil activity)
adenylate cyclase toxin tracheal cytotoxin |
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Bordetella pertussis
(Whooping Cough) epi |
highly contagious through person to person spread
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Bordetella pertussis
(Whooping Cough) disease |
catarrhal stage
paroxysmal stage convalescent stage (100 day cough) complications with infants |
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Bordetella pertussis
(Whooping Cough) treat |
erythromycin
DTaP vaccine |
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Mycoplasma pneumoniae
morph |
lackscell wall so no gram stain
pleomorphic |
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Mycoplasma pneumoniae
class |
test by serology
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Mycoplasma pneumoniae
path |
extracellular pathogen
adheres to epithelial cells destroys ciliated cells impedes mucous clearance |
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Mycoplasma pneumoniae
epi |
no seasonality
effects school aged children common cause of pneumonia in adults |
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Mycoplasma pneumoniae
disease |
atypical/walking pneumonia w/ insidious onset of fever, headache, malaise, cough
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Mycoplasma pneumoniae
treat |
erythromycin, doxycycline
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pseudomonas aeruginosa
morph |
gram-
rod aerobe encapsulated |
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pseudomonas aeruginosa
class |
test by serology, PCR
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pseudomonas aeruginosa
path |
polysaccharide capsulate (blocks effective clearance)
exoA toxin (inhibits host protein synthesis) **biofilm formation |
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pseudomonas aeruginosa
epi |
opportunistic pathogen: CF patients, burn victims, corneal dmg pts
in moist environments (sinks, toilets, respirators) |
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pseudomonas aeruginosa
disease |
pulmonary infections (nosocomial pneumonia, chronic infection in CF patients)
skin infections (hot tub follicullitis, infection of burns) otitix externa, corneal infections |
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pseudomonas aeruginosa
treat |
drug combinations after sensitivity testing
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Legionella pneumophilia
morph |
gram-
coccobacilli |
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Legionella pneumophilia
path |
replicates inside alveolar macrophages
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Legionella pneumophilia
epi |
ameoba are natural hosts- found in bodies of water like AC cooling towers, hot tubs
elderly at risk |
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Legionella pneumophilia
disease |
Legionnaires Disease (cough, high fever, pneumonia,)
Pontiac fever (acute, self-limited flu like illness) |
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Legionella pneumophilia
treat |
azithromycin or macrolides
levofloxacin or other fluoroquinolones |
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Straphlococcus aueereus in GI
class |
test by culture of food samples
detect enterotoxin in food |
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Straphlococcus aueereus in GI
path |
ingestion of preformed emetic toxin
ingestion large number of organisms followed by toxin production |
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Straphlococcus aueereus in GI
epi |
no deaths
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Straphlococcus aueereus in GI
disease |
sudden onset of vomitting/diarrhea within 1-6 hrs
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Straphlococcus aueereus in GI
treat |
rehydration
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Bacillus cereus
morph |
gram +
rods spsores facultative anaerobe |
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Bacillus cereus
class |
catalase +
beta-hemolytic detect toxins in food |
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Bacillus cereus
path |
ingestion of preformed emetic toxin
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Bacillus cereus
epi |
no deaths
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Bacillus cereus
disease |
preformed toxin causes vomitting 1-6 hrs.
ingestion of organisms leads to diarrhea within 8-16 hrs |
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Bacillus cereus
treat |
rehydration
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Clostridium perfringens
morph |
gram +
rods spores obligate anaerobe |
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Clostridium perfringens
class |
beta hemolytic
toxin in food |
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Clostridium perfringens
path |
inest organisms followed by production of enterotoxin damages intestinal epithelium
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Clostridium perfringens
epi |
no deaths
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Clostridium perfringens
diseases |
diarrhea, cramps, vomitting. gas-gangrene in wounds.
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Clostridium perfringens
treat |
rehydration
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Shigella dysenteriae, fleneri, boydii, sonnei
morph |
gram-
rods facultative anaerobe |
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Shigella dysenteriae, fleneri, boydii, sonnei
class |
oxidase-
non motile non-lactose fermenter test by stool culture |
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Shigella dysenteriae, fleneri, boydii, sonnei
path |
crosses M cells of Peyer's patches
apoptosis of macrophages cell-cell spread using ACTIN. low infectious dose |
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Shigella dysenteriae, fleneri, boydii, sonnei
epi |
3rd most common enteropathogen in US. mostly S. sonnei
higher risk in day care/crowded areas |
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Shigella dysenteriae, fleneri, boydii, sonnei
diseases |
bloody, mucoid diarrhea, high fever, vomitting within 1-3 days
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Shigella dysenteriae, fleneri, boydii, sonnei
treat |
fluoroquinolone
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Salmonella eneterica, bongori
morph |
gram- rods
facultative anaerobe |
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Salmonella eneterica, bongori
class |
oxidase-
motile non-lactose test by stool culture |
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Salmonella eneterica, bongori
path |
crosses M cells, apoptosis of macrphages
invades epithelial cells basolaterlaly/disseminates systematically Large infectious dose. |
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Salmonella eneterica, bongori
epi |
1st or 2nd most common enteropathogen in US.
typhoidal and non typohoidal strains trasmitted through fecal-oral route |
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Salmonella eneterica, bongori
disease |
gastroenteritis within 1-3 days
typhoid fever (bactermia, belly pain, rose spots, GI bleeding, etc.) |
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Salmonella eneterica, bongori
treat |
rehydration
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campylobacter jejuni
morph |
gram -
curved rods microaerobic |
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campylobacter jejuni
class |
oxidase +
catalase + test by stool culture gram stain |
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campylobacter jejuni
path |
acute inflammatory enteritis
edema in mucosa |
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campylobacter jejuni
epi |
either 1st or 2nd most common enteropathogen in US
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campylobacter jejuni
disease |
fever, cramps, diarrhea, Guillain Barre syndrome is rare complication****
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campylobacter jejuni
treat |
rehydration
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enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)
MORPH |
gram-
rods |
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enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)
class |
oxidase -
lactose fermenter grows on blood agar test by stool |
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enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)
epi |
adheres to small intestine enterocytes
cholera-like heat-labile and/or heat stable enterotoxins |
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enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)
path |
contaminated food, water, childhood diarrhea in developing countries, traveler's diarrhea
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enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)
disease |
watery diarrhea
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enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)
treat |
rehydration
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eneteropathogenic E. coli (epec)
morph |
gram -
rods |
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eneteropathogenic E. coli (epec)
class |
oxidase-
lactose fermenter grows on blood agar test by stool |
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eneteropathogenic E. coli (epec)
path |
adhere to small intestine eneterocytes, destroy microvilli, pedestal formation
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eneteropathogenic E. coli (epec)
epi |
person to person spread, infantile diarrhea
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eneteropathogenic E. coli (epec)
disease |
persistent sever diarrhea and vomiting
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eneteropathogenic E. coli (epec)
treat |
rehydration
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enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)
morph |
gram -
rods |
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enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)
class |
oxidase -
lactose fermenter grows on blood agar test by stool culture |
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enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)
path |
aadhere to large intestine
Shiga toxin |
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enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)
epi |
contaminated water, food, person to person spread,
**ajor cause of bloody diarrhea in developed countries) |
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enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)
disease |
watery, bloody diarrhea, hemolytic uremic syndrome
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enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)
treat |
rehydration
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Enteroinvasive E. Coli (EIEC)
morph |
gram -
rods |
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Enteroinvasive E. Coli (EIEC)
class |
oxidase-
lactose fermenter grows on blood agar test by stool |
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Enteroinvasive E. Coli (EIEC)
path |
invades colonic epithelial cells
moves from cell to cell using actin |
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Enteroinvasive E. Coli (EIEC)
epi |
chronic diarrhea in developing countries
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Enteroinvasive E. Coli (EIEC)
disease |
persistent mucoid diarrhea
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Enteroinvasive E. Coli (EIEC)
treat |
rehydration
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Enteroaggregative E. Coli (EAEC)
morph |
gram-
rods |
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Enteroaggregative E. Coli (EAEC)
class |
oxidase-
lactose fermenter grows on blood agar test by stool |
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Enteroaggregative E. Coli (EAEC)
path |
adheres to both small and large intestine epithelia
forms biofilm enterotoxins |
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Enteroaggregative E. Coli (EAEC)
epi |
contaminated food
outbreaks in developed countries |
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Enteroaggregative E. Coli (EAEC)
disease |
watery diarrhea
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Enteroaggregative E. Coli (EAEC)
treat |
rehydration
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Diffusely adhering E. coli (DAEC)
morph |
gram-
rods |
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Diffusely adhering E. coli (DAEC)
class |
oxidase-
lactose fermenters blood agar test by stool |
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Diffusely adhering E. coli (DAEC)
path |
signal transduction in samll intestine enterocytes
growth of cellular projections |
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Diffusely adhering E. coli (DAEC)
epi |
diarrhea in older children in developing countries
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Diffusely adhering E. coli (DAEC)
disease |
poorly described
|
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Diffusely adhering E. coli (DAEC)
treat |
rehydration
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Clostridium difficile
morph |
gram +
rods spores obligate anaerobe |
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Clostridium difficile
class |
test for toxin in stool sample
|
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Clostridium difficile
path |
2 enterotoxins target Ras Proteins (TcdA and TcdB
cytopathic effect disrupt TIGHT JUNCTIONS in epithelia |
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Clostridium difficile
epi |
common cause of antibiotic associated diarrhea in hospital setting
also community acquired |
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Clostridium difficile
disease |
watery diarrhea
lekocytosis pseudomembranous colitis toxic megacolon |
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Clostridium difficile
treat |
vanco, metronidazole, and stop offending antibiotic
|
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Bacteroides fragilis
moprh |
gram -
obligate anaerobe encapsulated |
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Bacteroides fragilis
class |
grows in bile-esculin
test by culture in anaerobic environment |
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Bacteroides fragilis
path |
breaching of gut wall allows microbe to escape
forms discerete areas of infection |
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Bacteroides fragilis
disease |
abcess formation
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Bacteroides fragilis
treat |
metronidazole
surgical drainage |
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Helicobater pylori
morph |
gram-
curved rod flagella |
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Helicobater pylori
class |
test by microscopy of biopsy
urease- breath test detection of host antibodies |
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Helicobater pylori
path |
survives acid of stomach
inflammation CagA inhibits clearance, VacA erodes gastric epithelia |
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Helicobater pylori
epi |
person-person spread
oral-fecal route correlates to socioeconomic status |
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Helicobater pylori
disease |
all symptoms in upper GI tract
gastritis gastric and duodenal ulcers gastric adenocarcinoma |
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Helicobater pylori
treat |
combination therapy of multiple antibiotics with proton pump inhibitor
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Helicobater pylori
treat |
combination therapy of multiple antibiotics with proton pump inhibitor
|
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Enterococcus faecalis, faecium
morph |
gram +
cocci in singles, pairs, chains facultative anaerobe |
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Enterococcus faecalis, faecium
morph |
gram +
cocci in singles, pairs, chains facultative anaerobe |
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Enterococcus faecalis, faecium
class |
faecalis more common
faecium more drug resistant |
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Enterococcus faecalis, faecium
class |
faecalis more common
faecium more drug resistant |
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Enterococcus faecalis, faecium
path |
colonizes gut
forms biofilms not too virulent pathogenesis depends on host weakness |
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Enterococcus faecalis, faecium
path |
colonizes gut
forms biofilms not too virulent pathogenesis depends on host weakness |
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Enterococcus faecalis, faecium
epi |
2nd most common cause of nosocomial infection
spread in hospital ICUs higher risk in immunocompromised |
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Enterococcus faecalis, faecium
epi |
2nd most common cause of nosocomial infection
spread in hospital ICUs higher risk in immunocompromised |
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Enterococcus faecalis, faecium
disease |
UTI
intrabdominal/pelvic infections bactermia, endocarditis |
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Enterococcus faecalis, faecium
treat |
ampicillin for sensitive strains
cephalosporins due to increasing vanco resistance. |
