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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
This bacteria is characterized by terminal spores ("tennis racket")
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Clostridium tetani
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Most species of this genus are noninvasive except for one
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Clostridium. C. perfringens is highly invasive, causing gas gangrene
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This bacteria has subterminal oval spores
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Clostridium botulinum. Not diagnostic
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This disease has a very low incidence, with just 123 cases documented from 1976-1984
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Botulism
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This bacteria contaminates food via its spores which under anaerobic conditions germinate and produce toxin in 2-3 days
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Clostridium botulinum
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This disease is caused by germination of spores in a wound
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Wound associated botulism
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T/F: Botulism can be caused by direct ingestion of the toxin, or ingestion of the pathogen with subsequent toxin secretion
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True. Infant botulism and wound botulism are examples of the latter.
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This toxin is heat-labile, and is inactivated by boiling for 10 min
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Botulism toxin
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There are 7 serotypes of this toxin, with types A,B and E being the most common
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Botulism toxin
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These toxins act as neurotoxins
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Botulism toxin, Tetanus toxin
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This toxin is a protease that ultimately blocks release of ACh at neural synapses
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Botulism toxin
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This toxin is a protease that ultimately blocks release of glycine and GABA at the neural synapse
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Tetanus toxin
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This disease is characterized by no fever and normal mental status
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Botulism
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This disease is characterized by flaccis paralysis, symmetrical in distribution
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Botulism
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This disease has an incubation period of 18-36 hours
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Botulism
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This disease is usually clinically diagnosed, and no culture is performed, but toxin can be detected in serum, vomit, or feces
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Botulism
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A suggestive diagnosis of this disease is by EMG
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Botulism
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The differential diagnosis of this disease includes Myasthenia gravis or Guillain-Barre syndrome
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Botulism
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Treatment is by stomach lavage (removal of toxin), and treatment with antitoxin. Fatality rate is 12%
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Botulism
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New human antitoxin antibodies are now availabe for treatment of this disease; previous antitoxin produced allergic reactions
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Infant botulism
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This disease is very rare in the US, with less than 40 cases/year, mostly among immigrants
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Tetanus
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This disease is caused by wounds contaminated with spores that germinate under anaerobic conditions in the wound
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Tetanus
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This toxin has only one serotype
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Tetanus toxin
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Incubation period of tetanus
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4 days to weeks
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This disease presents with violent muscle spasm, with flexor muscles predominating
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Tetanus
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Involvement of respiratory muscles in this disease leads to respiratory failure
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Tetanus
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This disease may be complicated by pulmonary infections and respiratory problems
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Tetanus
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Cultures of this bacteria in infected patients is positive 39% of the tim
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Tetanus
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Tetanus vaccine
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Toxoid
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Treatment for tetanus
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Immunoglobulin / antiserum; penicillin (metronidazole if pt is allergic to penicillin); wound debridement
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This disease has a fatality rate of 60% due to pulmonary complications and secondary infections
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Tetanus
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This bacteria commonly causes antibiotic associated diarrhea
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Clostridium difficile
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This bacteria is found in the GI tract of 3% of the population, and 30% of hospitalized patients
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Clostridium difficile
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A particularly virulent strain of this pathogen has appeared in Canada and England--increased virulence is likely to do increased toxin production
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Clostridium difficile
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Diarrhea is sometimes but not always bloody
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Antibiotic associated diarrhea caused by C. difficile
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T/F: Stool culture for diarrhea caused by C. difficile is a useful diagnostic tool
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False.
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This is primarily a surgical disease
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Gas gangrene
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This bacteria is the most common cause of gas gangrene; these other bacteria can also cause the disease
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Clostridium perfringens. C. septicum, C. bifermentans, C. ramosum (all anaerobes)
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These bacteria are primarily soil organisms, but are also found in the human GI tract and vagina
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Clostridium species that cause gas gangrene
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These toxins are responsible for the symptoms of gas gangrene
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Lecithinase (alpha toxin), collagenase, hyaluronidase
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These bacteria grow especially rapidly in anaerobic environments
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Clostridium perfringens
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This bacteria can cause cellulitis, necrotizing cellulitis, necrotizing fasciitis, myositis, or myonecrosis depending on the level it penetrates to in the host
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Clostridium perfringens
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Presenting symptoms of gas gangrene
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Crepitus, discoloration and edema of the skin; extreme pain; serous dark exudate in some cases
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This disease may be rapidly fatal if left untreated
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Gas gangrene
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Treatment for gas gangrene
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Wound debridement;
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Toxin can be detected in the stool in this disease
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Pseudomembranous colitis caused by C. difficile
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