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46 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
This bacteria is characterized by terminal spores ("tennis racket")
Clostridium tetani
Most species of this genus are noninvasive except for one
Clostridium. C. perfringens is highly invasive, causing gas gangrene
This bacteria has subterminal oval spores
Clostridium botulinum. Not diagnostic
This disease has a very low incidence, with just 123 cases documented from 1976-1984
Botulism
This bacteria contaminates food via its spores which under anaerobic conditions germinate and produce toxin in 2-3 days
Clostridium botulinum
This disease is caused by germination of spores in a wound
Wound associated botulism
T/F: Botulism can be caused by direct ingestion of the toxin, or ingestion of the pathogen with subsequent toxin secretion
True. Infant botulism and wound botulism are examples of the latter.
This toxin is heat-labile, and is inactivated by boiling for 10 min
Botulism toxin
There are 7 serotypes of this toxin, with types A,B and E being the most common
Botulism toxin
These toxins act as neurotoxins
Botulism toxin, Tetanus toxin
This toxin is a protease that ultimately blocks release of ACh at neural synapses
Botulism toxin
This toxin is a protease that ultimately blocks release of glycine and GABA at the neural synapse
Tetanus toxin
This disease is characterized by no fever and normal mental status
Botulism
This disease is characterized by flaccis paralysis, symmetrical in distribution
Botulism
This disease has an incubation period of 18-36 hours
Botulism
This disease is usually clinically diagnosed, and no culture is performed, but toxin can be detected in serum, vomit, or feces
Botulism
A suggestive diagnosis of this disease is by EMG
Botulism
The differential diagnosis of this disease includes Myasthenia gravis or Guillain-Barre syndrome
Botulism
Treatment is by stomach lavage (removal of toxin), and treatment with antitoxin. Fatality rate is 12%
Botulism
New human antitoxin antibodies are now availabe for treatment of this disease; previous antitoxin produced allergic reactions
Infant botulism
This disease is very rare in the US, with less than 40 cases/year, mostly among immigrants
Tetanus
This disease is caused by wounds contaminated with spores that germinate under anaerobic conditions in the wound
Tetanus
This toxin has only one serotype
Tetanus toxin
Incubation period of tetanus
4 days to weeks
This disease presents with violent muscle spasm, with flexor muscles predominating
Tetanus
Involvement of respiratory muscles in this disease leads to respiratory failure
Tetanus
This disease may be complicated by pulmonary infections and respiratory problems
Tetanus
Cultures of this bacteria in infected patients is positive 39% of the tim
Tetanus
Tetanus vaccine
Toxoid
Treatment for tetanus
Immunoglobulin / antiserum; penicillin (metronidazole if pt is allergic to penicillin); wound debridement
This disease has a fatality rate of 60% due to pulmonary complications and secondary infections
Tetanus
This bacteria commonly causes antibiotic associated diarrhea
Clostridium difficile
This bacteria is found in the GI tract of 3% of the population, and 30% of hospitalized patients
Clostridium difficile
A particularly virulent strain of this pathogen has appeared in Canada and England--increased virulence is likely to do increased toxin production
Clostridium difficile
Diarrhea is sometimes but not always bloody
Antibiotic associated diarrhea caused by C. difficile
T/F: Stool culture for diarrhea caused by C. difficile is a useful diagnostic tool
False.
This is primarily a surgical disease
Gas gangrene
This bacteria is the most common cause of gas gangrene; these other bacteria can also cause the disease
Clostridium perfringens. C. septicum, C. bifermentans, C. ramosum (all anaerobes)
These bacteria are primarily soil organisms, but are also found in the human GI tract and vagina
Clostridium species that cause gas gangrene
These toxins are responsible for the symptoms of gas gangrene
Lecithinase (alpha toxin), collagenase, hyaluronidase
These bacteria grow especially rapidly in anaerobic environments
Clostridium perfringens
This bacteria can cause cellulitis, necrotizing cellulitis, necrotizing fasciitis, myositis, or myonecrosis depending on the level it penetrates to in the host
Clostridium perfringens
Presenting symptoms of gas gangrene
Crepitus, discoloration and edema of the skin; extreme pain; serous dark exudate in some cases
This disease may be rapidly fatal if left untreated
Gas gangrene
Treatment for gas gangrene
Wound debridement;
Toxin can be detected in the stool in this disease
Pseudomembranous colitis caused by C. difficile