Micro Phyto Pre Midterm

Front 1

Define a Macronutrient

Back 1

-carbohydrate, protein, fat, needed in gram amounts and the provide energy

Front 2

Define Micronutrient

Back 2

-vitamins and minerals, needed in milli gram or micro gram amounts they do not provide energy

Front 3

where does the word vitamin come from ?

Back 3

Vita- life and amine- N containing

Front 4

What (5) are necessary to define a vitamin?

Back 4

1. organic compound
2. natural component of food
3.essential for physiological function
4. have specific deficiency syndrome
5. not synthesized by host in amounts adequate for normal physiological function

Front 5

how many vitamins exist?

Back 5

14

Front 6

vitamins are easily classified into what 2 groups

Back 6

water soluble and non water soluble

Front 7

what are the water soluble vitamins, give some details about water soluble vitamins

Back 7

Vitamin B and C they dissolve in water (hydrophilic) , they can not be stored. They move directly into blood and they travel freely, excess is excreted in the urine. Hard to reach toxic levels.

Front 8

what are the fat soluble vitamins, give some details about fat soluble vitamins

Back 8

Vitamins A,D E, K , they are hydrophobic, they dissolve in body fat, they need to be absorbed into the body with dietary fat. they enter the body in the lymph and need specialized transport mechanisms . They can be stored so daily levels not as high because toxicity is also more of a risk.

Front 9

Vitamins are organic, what does this mean as far a physical charecterisitcs go.

Back 9

-vitamins contain carbon
-Vitamins can be easily destroyed
-vitamins must be stored and handeld carefully, vitamins can be destroyed from UV light, prolonged heating and exposure to oxygen.

Front 10

name the 3 general functions of vitamins

Back 10

1. COenzymes (Vitamin A, K, C)
2. Hydrogen Electron Acceptors or Donors (B vitams)
3. Horomones (vit D)

Front 11

what 2 factors depend on bioavaiability of vitamins/

Back 11

1. amount of vitamin in food
2. amount of vitamin absorbed and used in the body

Front 12

define a mineral

Back 12

-minerals are inorganic compounds that are found naturally that always retain chemical identity, and are never converted to something else,
-they have both absorption and toxitiy potential issues

Front 13

how many essential minerals are there

Back 13

22 essential minerals

Front 14

define the different intake levels of minerals, and outline how this amount is derived.

Back 14

Classified by the amount present in the body
1. macrominerals - 5 grams or more (calcium, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, sodium, chloride, sulphur)
2. trace minerals -less than 5 grams in body ( iron, zinc, copper, manganese, fluoride)
3. ultra trace - less than a miligram in the body ( selenium, molybdenum, iodine, chromium, boron and cobalt)

Front 15

what are phytochemicals

Back 15

-chemicals that are naturally occurring in plants,
they are generally non nutritive substances
they have physiologically active components
more than 900 discovered

Front 16

what are the general funtions of b vitamins

Back 16

-macronutrient metabolism
-energy production
-energy release
-carbon metabolism
-transfer of signle carbon units

Front 17

what is an enzyme

Back 17

- asct as catalysts driving many reactions and pathways

Front 18

what is a co enzyme

Back 18

- requires for the proper activity of enzymes

Front 19

what role do b vitamins play is enzymes or co enzymes

Back 19

B vitins are part of the co- enzyme structure
-b vitamins work together as coenzymes

Front 20

how are vitamins involved in the intermediary metabolism of carboohydrates

Back 20

- glycolysis
-gluconeogenisis

Front 21

how are vitamins involved in the intermediary metabolism of protiens

Back 21

=protien synthesis and amino acid phosphorylation

Front 22

how are vitamins involved in the intermediary metabolism of fats

Back 22

- fatty acid synthesis
-beta oxidation

Front 23

how are vitamins involved in the intermediary metabolism of ATP generation

Back 23

-respiratory chain and oxidative phosphotylation

Front 24

how are vitamins involved in the intermediary metabolism of nucleic acids and / steriods

Back 24

-pentose phosphate pathway

Front 25

what is the coenzyme name of Thiamin ( B 1)

Back 25

Thiamin pyrophosphate

Front 26

what is the metabolic role of thiamin

Back 26

facilitates energy release from foods
- central role in carbohydrate metabolism

Front 27

what are the two oxidative decarboxylations of thiamin?

Back 27

-pyruvate dehydrogenase
-alpha ketoglutarate dehyrogenase

Front 28

what is the requirement of the transketolase reaction?

Back 28

magnesium

Front 29

what is acetyl coA

Back 29

-central is macronutrient metabolism
-carbs, proteins and fat all oxidized to acetyl coA
- it is what enters the citric acid cycle (final common pathway of macronutrients

Front 30

what is a vitamin B 1 deficiency or Thiamin deficieny

Back 30

- Berri- Berri
- anorexia with weight loss
-neurological symptoms
-paralysis
-cardiovascular and respiratory problems

Front 31

what are the 3 types of beri-beri

Back 31

1.wet (edema)
-cardiovascular, respiratory, heart swelling, pulmonary congestion

2. Dry (no edema)
-central nervous system impairment
-alcoholics prone
-confusion, memory loss, confabulation (missinterperated memory)

3. infantile ber beri-
-from breast fed infants of deficient mothers
-vomiting diarrhea, convulsions
-aphonia (crying with no sound), sudden death

Front 32

THiamin contributes to normal _______________________. infants and children up to 18 years

Back 32

-Thiamin contributes to normal carbohydrate and energy yielding metabolism.

Front 33

Thiamin contributes to normal _______________________.
Target population is infants and children up to 3 years.

Back 33

normal neurological function

Front 34

What are the coenzyme names for riboflavin, vitamin B 2.

Back 34

Flavin mononucleotide and FMN

and

Flavin adenine dinucleotide FAD

Front 35

What are some physical characteristics of vitamin B2

Back 35

water soluble, yellow, flourecent

Front 36

Vitmain B2 is essential for the conversion of ___________ to its coenzyme forms.

Back 36

Vitamin B6

Front 37

What are the metabolic roles of FMN and FAD (4)
Riboflavin coenzymes

Back 37

- to accept and donate hydrogen atoms
-part of flavin-dependent enzymes called flavoprotiens
- repiratory chian / energy production (conversion of food energy to ATP )
-TCA cycle

Front 38

where is Riboflavin found in diet what needs to be taken into consideration in storage and handeling

Back 38

-milk and milk products - photolabile (storage in dark fridge and opaqe container)
-liver and meat
-in canada it is fortified in flour

Front 39

what are implications of a riboflavin deficiency

Back 39

- never fatal
-no specific symptoms
-lesions, magenta tounge, seborrheic dermatitis
-would affect the B6 to change to its conenzymes

Front 40

What mineral would a riboflavin deficiency interfere with

Back 40

iron status

Front 41

what two ways can riboflavin deficiency affect iron status

Back 41

1. impair mobilization of iron from its storage protien (ferritin)
2. Impair ion absorption

Front 42

correcting a marginal riboflavin deficiency improves ___________.

Back 42

Hematological status.

Front 43

what are the two chemical structures for niacin (B3)

Back 43

two chemical structures

1. Nicotinic acid
2. Nicitinamide (major form in blood)

Front 44

what are the two co-enzymes form of niacin

Back 44

1. NAD (H) - nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
2. NADP (H)

Front 45

niacin can be synthesized in the body by what amino acid.

Back 45

Tryptophan

Front 46

What unit is Niacin RDI measured in , why ?

Back 46

Niacin equivalents , because protein intake can account for part of the daily niacin intake.

Front 47

What pathyway is needed to convert niacin from amino acids. Explain what is needed in this pathway.

Back 47

- kynurenine pathway
-converts tryptohpan to niacin using riboflavin and vitamin B6
-other animals have no need for essential vitamin niacin because of this pathway.

Front 48

What are the 5 steps of the kynurenine pathway

Back 48

1. tryptophan
2. kynurenine
riboflavin
3. 3-OH-Kynurenine
vit B6
4. 3-OH- xanthranilic
vitamin B6
5.NAD/NADP

Front 49

homeostais of iron regulated by __________ becasue __________ is difficult.

Back 49

absorbtion, excretion

Front 50

iron has 2 active states name them

Back 50

Oxidized - Ferric - Fe3+
Reduced- Ferrous Fe2+

Front 51

what three factors regulate the amount of iron absorbtion

Back 51

1. level in food
2. bio availability in food (heme vs. non heme
3.capacity of mucosal cells to absorb iron

Front 52

name the two types of iron and give examples

Back 52

heme iron- animal foods

non heme iron- plant based (legumes ) and animal forms

Front 53

what are some enhancers of non heme iron absorbtion

Back 53

-MFP factor- meat fish and poultry provides heme iron and also increases the abosrobtion of non heme iron in the same meal
-vitamin C
-gastric acid
-other organic acids (lactic, malitc)

Front 54

explain how enhancers will work to increase iron absorbtion?

Back 54

-Ferrous iron is better absorbed than ferric
-hydrogens will donate a hydrogen to reduce ferric iron to make it a ferrous iron and have it absorb better

Front 55

how is non heme iron absorbtion inhibited

Back 55

-oxalate (spinich, rhubarb)
-phytate (bran and seeds)
-polyphenols (fruits and vegtables)
-EDTA (food additives)

Front 56

name 4 protiens in the body that require iron to develop

Back 56

1. heme protiens
2.iron-sulfur cluster protiens
3. protiens with single iron atoms
4. protiens with oxygen bridged iron

Front 57

Name the 3 iron transport proteins

Back 57

-transferrin
-transferrin receptor
-albumin

Front 58

what is transferrin

Back 58

-plasma protein for iron transport
-high affinity for ferric iron
-conformational change of the protein , open or closed
-open means not carrying protiens
-closed means carrying proteins

Front 59

what is transferrin receptor

Back 59

allows cellular uptake of iron
-protien in cellular membrnaes

Front 60

name and decrebe the two iron storage proteins

Back 60

Feritin- can house a large amount of soluble non toxic iron that can be easily absorbed

Hemosiderin- closley related to ferritin, is used in times of iron overload

Front 61

iron deficiency affects what % of the world population

Back 61

30%

Front 62

what are the physical sypmtoms of iron defficiecny

Back 62

anemia
-fatigue
-decreased cognitive performance in children

Front 63

describe the stage 1 of iron deficieny

Back 63

1. depletion of iron
-progrssive reductino in iron sotres
-decrease in serum transferrin
-normal transport iron and hemoglobin

Front 64

describe the stage 2 of iron deficiency

Back 64

2.iron deficient erythropoeisis
-complete decrease of iron stores
-decrease in blood iron concetrations
-decrease transferrin iron saturation
-hemoglobin still in normal range
-less iron transfered to erythropoetic cells
-increase in erythrocyte protoporphyroins

Front 65

describe stage 3 iron deficiency

Back 65

(3)iron deficieny anemia
-no iron stores and decrease in circulating iron
-decrease in serum hemoglobin
-decrease in the concentration of hemoglobin in the RBC
-myocritic hypochromic anemia

Front 66

Decribe what would happen if you over supplemented with iron

Back 66

hemochromatosis
-increased absorbtion of iron
-more common in males
-transferrin hypersaturation
-avoid vitamin c
-can casue organ damage
-treatment phlebotomy

Front 67

describe the metabilic role of Niacin (B3)

Back 67

-transfers hydrogen in oxidations and reduction reactions

Front 68

name 4 pathways that niacin is used it

Back 68

-glycolysis/gluconeogeneisi
-TCA cycle
-ETC
-Pentose Phostphate pathway

Front 69

explain how Niacin helps with oxidationand reduciton

Back 69

-in oxidation NAD(P) becomes NAD(P)H-oxidation of fuel molecules
-in reduction NAD(P)H becomes NADP- biosythesis of FA

Front 70

what are the two uses of the pentose phospate pathway?

Back 70

1. to generate NADPH then used for the synthesis of fatty acids
2. ribose 5 phosphate for the synthesase of 5 carbon surgars for DNA

Front 71

what is vitamin B3 deficiency

Back 71

pallegra - diarrehea, dermatitis, dementia, death

Front 72

explain Niacin on CVD

Back 72

-Nicotinic acid, used in cholesterol lowering LDL and it will increase HSL cholesterol and decrease lipoprotien a levels, it prevents atherosclerotic lesions in arteries

Front 73

what is a niacin flush

Back 73

-side effect of niacin treatment
-abdominal pain, rash, rapid abdominal abosrobtion in GI
-be reduced by niacin with meals, working dose up gradually
-expended release niacin helpful in avoiding niacin flus

Front 74

what binds bioitinto biotin making it unavailable in diet

Back 74

-egg white - the avidin binds tightly
-avidin complex is irriversible
-deficiency makes symptoms of dermatitis hair loss and neurological abnomalitie
-avidin is denatured by cooking and biotin is absorbable

Front 75

what 3 components make up free biotin

Back 75

1. uredio ring
2.sulphur ring
3. valeric acid sidechain

Front 76

what is biocytin

Back 76

-protien bound biotin
-biotin plus lysine
-step in proteolysis during biotin digestion
-biotin binds enzymes via lysine

Front 77

explain the process of biotin absorbtion

Back 77

in the gut
-biotin is bound to the protien in foods
-protesase will cleave biocytin prom proteins
-biotinidase will cleave biocytin into biotin plus lysine-free biotin ccan be absorbed

Front 78

what is biotins metobolic function

Back 78

-coenzyme for carboxylases
-help as a CO2 donor in CO2 fixing reactions

Front 79

name the 4 enzymes that are dependent on biotin

what is the function in general of these enzymes

Back 79

1. pyruvate carboxylase
2. acetyl coA
3. propinoyl CoA
4. 3-methyl crotonyl coA
glucose metabolism, fatty acid synthetis, amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism

Front 80

what is holocarboxylase

Back 80

-general term to decrbibe biotin dependent enzymes with biotin attatched to them
-it is needed to attatch biotin to the lysine residue of the enzyme
-once biotin is attatchedto the enzyme it is classified as a holocarboxylase

Front 81

describe biotin deficinecy

Back 81

-occurs through decrease intake of biotin
-increased intake of avidin
-deficiency in biotinidase and holocarboxylase synthase enzymes

Front 82

what are other less obvious symptoms in biotin deficiency

Back 82

-ketosis (becasue of acetrly coA carboxlase build up)
-increased puyruvate and lactate becasue decrease gluconeogenisis
both because of decrease in the biotin dependent enzymes

Front 83

what food stores are rich in biotin

Back 83

liver, whole grains, nuts and legumes

Front 84

biotin can be synthasizsed by___________ when _____________ are higher than dietary amounts.

Back 84

intestinal bacteria when urine and fecal amounts are higher

Front 85

pantothentic acid B5 is part of 2 major co enzymes, name these enzymes and what makes them up

Back 85

1) coenzyme A coA- pantothenic acid, cystine, ATP
2) acyl carrier protien-
both contain SH thiol group

Front 86

Describe the role of Coenzyme A

Back 86

-transfer of acetyl groups (2 carbons) , central nutrient metabolism , part of many anabolic and catabolic reacitions

Front 87

Coenzyme A has a role in transfering acytly groups name 5 examples

Back 87

1. oxidative decarboxlation
2. fatty acid oxidation
3. ketone body formation
4. other carboxylic reactions
5. synthetic reactions

Front 88

pantothentic acid has a role of being an acyl carrier protien decreibe a situation where it is in this role

Back 88

-works in fatty acid synthase
-fatty acid synthersis is sequentioal and it ads acyl groups to intermediates
-ACP serves as a chaperone to fatty acid synthesis
-when fat is needed ACP is added and vice versa

Front 89

pantothenic acids comes from what food sources

Back 89

-animal sources, whole grains, legumes

Front 90

what would be symptoms of pantothenic acid deficiency

Back 90

- very rare
-burning feet

Front 91

what are two uses of pantothenic acid beyond nutrition

Back 91

wound treatment- accelerated wound healing

cholesterol lowering-

Front 92

name the 6 related compounds to vitamin B 6

Back 92

-pyridoxal, pyridoxine and pyridoxamine and their phosphates

Front 93

vitamin B6 is found _______________ in foods.

Back 93

phospharylated

Front 94

describe the process of vitamin B6 uptake

Back 94

-phosphate removed by intestinal enzymes
-well absorbed passivley
-taken up by tissues and rephosphorlyated
-urinary excretion of the major metabolite 4- pyridoxic acid.

Front 95

vitamin B 6 has a co-enzyme form :
-what is its name
-what vitamin is needed to convert the vitamin B 6 compound to the coenzyme form
-what is the coenzyme of B6 involved in

Back 95

-pyridoxal phosphate
-riboflavin needed to to conver pyridoxine to PLP
-involved heavily in amino acid metabolism
-transamination, R group interconversion and decarboxylation, kynurenine pathway

Front 96

what is schiff base

Back 96

-allows PLP to bind to enzyme, link formed between PLP aldhyde group and enzyme amino group (lysine)

Front 97

what is B6 role in the nervous system:

Back 97

-synthesis of neurotransmitter invloving PLP enzymes
-serotonin or dopamine

Front 98

what is the Vit B6 role in hormone function

Back 98

-PLP can bind to steroid hormone receptors , which inhibits binding of the hormone and will decrese the effects.

Front 99

what is the vit B6 metabolic role with glycogen

Back 99

-PLP involved with glycogenolysis
-key enzyme in conversion of glycogen to glucouse

Front 100

what is the Vit B6 role in red blood cell formation and function?

Back 100

-PLP involved in the synthesis of heme
-allows RBC to pick up and release oxygen

Front 101

what is the vit B6 role in immune function

Back 101

-PLP role as a coenzmye for many enzymes
-in vit B6 deficiency decreased lymphocyte proliferation occurs

Front 102

describe the tryptophane load test for vitamin B6 status

Back 102

- impaired conversion to niacin
-build up of urinary kynurenic acid and xanthurenic acid from the hynurine pathway

Front 103

describe the methionine load test

Back 103

-4 PLP dependent steps in MET metabolism
-methionin to cystine impared
-increased methionine

Front 104

true or false 4-pyridoxic acid should not show up in the urine of an individual with a vit B6 deficiency

Back 104

true

Front 105

what are 5 health probelms that vitamin B6 is related to

Back 105

CVD, Immune function, cognitive function and depression, PMS

Front 106

true or false vitmain B12 is the largest of the B vitamins and has colbalt in the centre

Back 106

true

Front 107

what arethe 3 phases of B12 absorbtion, what is a major factor in absorbtion rate

Back 107

1. gastric
2. luminal
3. mucosal

stepwise process that depends on pH

Front 108

_________________________ is a glycoprotien that is released into the stomach by _______________________ that is key to the vitmain B12 absorbtion. it binds to the _________________- and allows passage into the ____________.

Back 108

intrinsic factor, parietal cells, vitamin B12, illium

Front 109

describe the gastric phase of vitmain B12 absorbtion

Back 109

-digestion of protien bound Vit B12
-free B12 binds to R - protiens
-If is synthesized and release by parietal cells
-the high affinity for the r proteins than the IF is because of the low PH.

Front 110

describe the luminal phase of vitamin B12

Back 110

-r protiens are digested and B12 is free again
-it binds to IF

Front 111

describe the mucosal phase of vitamin B12

Back 111

receptors for IF B12 complex in the illiem
-absorbtion occurs

Front 112

name the 2 coenzyme forms of B12 and their basic role

Back 112

-methyl cobalamin - methionine synthetase
-adenosyl cobalamin -methylmalonyl coA mutase

Front 113

what are factors in malabsorbtion of B12

Back 113

-atrophic gastritis
- decreased IF
-pancreatic insufficiency

Front 114

what are signs of B12 deficiecny

Back 114

-increased urinary concentraions of methylmalonic acid and homocystine
-pernicious anemia(lack of IF)
- neurological problems

Front 115

what is the correlation with folate and B12

Back 115

-folate can mask the vitamin B12 deficiency
-it can rectify the annemia but not the nurological symptoms, damage
-folate fortification puts unduviduals at risk for vitamin b 12 deficiency

Front 116

what food sources is B12 found in

Back 116

-animal products only
-some B12 is synthesized by anaerobic bacteria

Front 117

true or false folate, folacin and folic acid are the same thins

Back 117

true
folate is the form in foods
folic acid in the form in supplememnts and fortified foods

Front 118

what is the chemical name for folate

Back 118

pteroylglutamate or pteroylglutamic acid

Front 119

how many forms of folates are there

Back 119

5-8 glutamates

Front 120

where do the 1 carbon units attach for coenzyme forms of THF

Back 120

N-5 and N-10

Front 121

true or false folate needs to be in its coenzyme form to perform metabolic roles

Back 121

true

Front 122

how is folate activated to form its coenzyme

Back 122

-niacin activates by reduction to add hydrogens to the 5,6,7,8 postions

Front 123

name the process in which folate is going into its active state

Back 123

folate --->DHF----enzyme dihydrate reductase---> THF

Front 124

true or false THF can be reduced once more to form TTHF the fully reduced state

Back 124

false- THF is the fully reduced state, it must be in the form to carry the carbon units to form the metabolic role

Front 125

majority of folate foods are ______________

Back 125

polyglutamates

Front 126

polyglutamates must be cleaved into _____________________ for absorbtion

Back 126

-monoglutamate

Front 127

many _____________ compete with folate but inibiting ______ and competing for _______

Back 127

drugs , absorbtion, transportation

Front 128

how do cells store folate in the tissue

Back 128

by adding back poly glutamates

Front 129

folate role od sinle carbon metabolism is important in 2 processes what are they

Back 129

-amino acid metabolism
-nucleotide metabolism

Front 130

in amino acid metabolism what are the 3 main roles of folate

Back 130

-metionine synthesis (from homocystine)
-histadine catabolism
-interconversion of serine to glycine

Front 131

in nucleotide metabolism what are the main roles of folate

Back 131

-synthesis of purines and pyiradines
-DNA synthesis

Front 132

explain how decrease in folate absorbtion could help control cancer

Back 132

-inhibits DHFR which means less THF and less nucleotide synthesis less oncogenes and less proliferation of cancerous cell tissure

Front 133

what are some folate food sources

Back 133

dark green veggies, lentils, fortified grain products

Front 134

explain what a folate deficiency could result in

Back 134

-same anemia as vit B12 defciceny (decreased carrying capacity of blood macrocytic anemia
-weakness , depression
-increased homocystine
-neural tube deffects spinal bifida in child if prgrnant mother is deficent

Front 135

increase in B12 or folate can correct the macrocytic anemia from the dificincy in the other true or false

Back 135

true

Front 136

what is the Figlu test?

Back 136

-used to diagnose folate dificency
-excess dose od histidine
-then 24 hour urine collection where you measure the FIGLU in unrine, if figule is high then there is a folate deficiency

Front 137

true or false the bioavialibity in folate found
in found is very high compared to other micronutrients and same as the folate bioavalilibty in supplement

Back 137

fasle bioavaialbity in food is less, there fore it is measured in dietary folate equivalents

Front 138

folate can decreased cancer risk why is this the case

Back 138

-folate is key in DNA and rNA synthesis and methylation, it can contribute to genetic stability
-most evidence for colorectal cancer

Front 139

folate can increase risk of cancer cells how

Back 139

-it can facilitate the multipication of cancer and precancerous cells, becuase they have a high rate of proliferaiton they need high folate levels to maintain thymidine synthesis to maintain high rate of DNA synthesis
-acceleration of carcinogenesis

Front 140

what is homocysteine

Back 140

intermediate of methionine metabolism
not present in the diet
associated to CVD and possible Alzheimers

Front 141

what are the 3 fates of homocystine and what micronutrients does it use

Back 141

- remethylation to methionine
-transsulfuration to cystine
-reslease into circulation
-B6 B12 and folate

Front 142

what are traits of a choline deficiency

Back 142

-liver dysfunction
-growth retardation
-bone abnormalities

Front 143

cholines serves as a_______________ donor. It can be senthesized from ______________.

Back 143

methyl group , methionine

Front 144

what 3 products can choline be synthesized into

Back 144

-phosphatidylcholine
-acetylecholine
-betaine

Front 145

what is phosphotidylcholine

Back 145

-part of cell membrane, essential for lipid transport

Front 146

what is acetylcholine

Back 146

-a neurotransmitter

Front 147

what is betaine

Back 147

-methyl donor
-needed to convert Hcy to Met

Front 148

true or false choline can be synthesised in the body

Back 148

true

Front 149

what foods are rich in choline

Back 149

egg yolk
-penuts
-organ meats
-soybeans

Front 150

what is another name for phosphatydlcholine and what are some common uses

Back 150

-common food ingredient
-food stabilizer or emulsifier

Front 151

what criteria must be met for bariatric surgery

Back 151

older than 18
bmi more than 40 or more than 35 is other co morbidities are president
-must have absenceof an eating disorder
-mential helath issue
-use of controlled substances
-failure of non surgical weight loss managment

Front 152

name post bariatric surgery complications

Back 152

-vomiting
-leaking-
hernia
-infection
-macro or micronutrient deficinecies

Front 153

what are the 3 main types of bariatric surgery

Back 153

1- restrictive
2. malabsorbtive
3. restrictive malabsorbtive

Front 154

what are examplesod mixed restrictive and malabsorptive bariatricsurgery

Back 154

-vertical sleeve gastrectomy
-gastric bypass
-rouxend y gastric by pass
-billopancreatic diversion switch
-duodenal switch

Front 155

describe roux end y gastric bypass

Back 155

-most commonly performed gastric bypass
-stomach and duodenum practically expluded from ddigestion
-

Front 156

why do micronutrient deficiencies occur in patients with bariatric surgery

Back 156

-decreased intake of food, decreased absorbtion of food and poor compliance to supplements

Front 157

iron deficiencie is a huge problem in patieitns post bariatric surgery, explain why

Back 157

--reduced iron intake already as does 305 of the population , poor toleraence to meet consuption
-bypassed site of iron absorbtion
-reduced hydrochloric acid for reduction of feric iron to ferrous iront for absorbtion
-low compliance to iron supplementation (iritating to the GIT)
-blood loss from the surgery

Front 158

vit B12 deficicenci is very common in roux en y bypass explain why

Back 158

-gastric acid not avaialbe to cleave B12 from meat protien
-decreast in parietal cell IF
-limited meat intake due to poor toleroence

Front 159

thiamin deficiency is accociated with

Back 159

-wernickes' encephalopathy, lead to excessive vomiting