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87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Symbiosis
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- living together; coexistence
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Parasitism
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- one species benefits, the other species is harmed
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Commensalism
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- one species benefits, the other one is not harmed
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Mutualism
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- both species benefit from the presence of the other
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Protozoa
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- single celled eukaryote organism
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The four kinds of PROTOZOA
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- 1) Amoeba
- 2) Flagellate - 3) Ciliates - 4) Sporozoa/ Apicomplexan/ Coccidian |
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Amoeba
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- amorphous shaped
- move by pseudopods - eat by phagocytosis |
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Flagellates
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- elongated body shape
- move by whip like "hairs" |
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Ciliates
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- spherical or elongated
- move by coordinated movement of short "hairs" |
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Sporozoa/ Apicomplexans/ Coccidian
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- elongated shape
- move by action of "apical complex" |
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Examples of Ameoba
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- Entameoba histolytica
- Naegleria fowleri - Acanthamoeba spp. |
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Examples of flaggelates
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- Giardia intestinalis
- Trichomonas vaginalis - Leishmania spp. - Trypanosoma brucei and cruzi |
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Examples of Sporozoa/ Apicomplexans/ Coccidians
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- Plasmodium (malaria)
- Toxoplasma gondii - Cryptosporidium parvum |
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Trophozoite
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- motile
- feeding stage of organism - reproduce by BINARY FISSION - tropho = "to nourish" |
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Cyst
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- non-motile
- non-reproducing - resistant to damage |
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Schizogony
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- process of cell division/ replication
- nucleus divides multiple times - cell replicates with nuclei |
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Mastigote
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- one of several forms of flagellated protozoan
examples: amastigote, epimastigote, tropomastigote |
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What causes Amebic dysentery?
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- Entamoeba histolytica
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If you are a carrier of Entameoba histolytica, are you symptomatic or Asymptomatic?
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- ASYMPTOMATIC (carrying the cyst)
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What is the 3rd leading cause of parasitic death in the world?
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- Entameoba histolytica
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How is Entameoba histolytica pathogenic?
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- it adheres to your intestinal wall and digests the intestinal lining and destroys it
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Where does Entameoba histolytica migrate to later in disease?
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- Right lobe of liver = Hepatic Abcesses
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Are symptoms of Ent.histolytica more acute or chronic?
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- More chronic: 90%
- Acute is only 10% |
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T or F: Diarrhea from Ent. histolytica has blood.
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- TRUE: There is bloody diarrhea
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How do you diagnose Entomeba Histolytica?
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- seeing trophozoite and cyst in NORMAL stools, only occasionally in trophozite in diarrhea or tissue
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How is Ent. histolytica transmistted?
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- Fecal-oral
- Sexual practices |
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Would treatment of waste water help prevent Ent. histolytica?
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- Yes. Treatment of waste water will help prevent this disease.
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What is Kernig's sign?
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- a sign of PAM from Naegleria fowleri
- pain in hamstring muscle when leg is extended |
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What causes Primary Amebic Meningitis (PAM)?
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- Naegleria fowleri
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How is Nagleria fowleri transmitted?
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- in water, up your nose
- in hydro pools |
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Does Nagleria fowleri ONLY affect immunocompromised?
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- False, any one is susceptible
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Where N. fowleri found?
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- world wide
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Symptoms of Naegleria fowleri
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- frontal headache
- altered senses - fever - stiff neck |
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Do you use microscopy to diagnose N. fowleri?
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- Yes, you diagnose by microscopy of CSF. You also look at nasal discharge
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T or F: You can find cysts of Naegleria fowleri in the brain tissue
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- FALSE: you cannot find cysts in the brain tissue, they are found in external environment. You look for trophozoite.
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Can you treat N. fowleri?
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- Uneffective/difficult treatment
- can try with amphotericin B |
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What causes Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis (GAE)? (in AIDS patients)
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- Acanthamoeba causes this disease
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Is Acanthamoeba rare or prevalent?
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- A rare disease
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What is another disease besides GAE that results from Acanthamoeba?
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- Keratitis - coronal ulcer --need to properly sanitize contacts
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What disease is also known as "backpacker's disease" or "beaver Fever"?
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- Giardia intestinalis
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T or F: the reservoir for Giardia is Humans
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- FALSE: the reservoir for Giardia is NOT humans, it is mammals
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What diseases are transmitted by Fecal-Oral?
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- Entamoeba histolytica
- Giardia intestinalis |
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Describe the shape of Giardia
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- tennis racket shaped
- Dorsal side: two nuclei - Ventral side: disk shape for attachments - FLAGELLATED all over |
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Do you ingest the cysts in Giardia?
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- YES, you ingest the cyst
- you cannot get the disease from trophozoites |
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Symptoms include: greasy stool, flatulence, GI distress
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- Giardia intestinalis
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What do cysts of Giardia look like in the microscope, from diarrhea samples?
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- the cysts have 4 nuclei
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What is the most common protozoan pathogen in industrialized countries?
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- Trichomonas vaginalis
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T or F: The trophozite form is the ONLY form of trichomonas vaginalis
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- TRUE: There is ONLY a trophozoite form
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How does trichomonas replicate?
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- Binary fission
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Can men serve as a reservoirs of Trichomonas vaginalis?
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- Yes, males can serves as a reservoir for Trichomonas Vaginalis
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What do you look for in a diagnosis of trichomonas vaginalis?
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- Look for twitching motility and undulating membrane on WETMOUNT
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T or F: Trichomonas vaginalis can be asymptomatic
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TRUE: Can be asymptomatic
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What are the three diseases of Leishmania
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- Visceral
- Cutaneous - Muco- cutaneous |
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What are two other common names for Visceral Leishmania?
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- Dum Dum Fever
- Kala-azar |
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What species causes Visceral Leishmaniasis?
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- Leishmania donovani
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T or F: All leishmania species have the same life cycle
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- TRUE: all 3 Leishmania have the same life cycle
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Describe the Leishmania life cycle
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- Sandfly-->Inject Promastigote--> phagocytized NOT destroyed by macrophages--> amastigote---> invades tissues/multiplies --> taken by sandfly--> promastigote in sandfly stomach--> replicates--> to proboscis to infect
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What is the vector of Leishmania?
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- Sandfly
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What happens to Leishmania with macrophages
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- Macrophages phagocytos the flaggelate but do NOT destroy it
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Incubation periods of Leishmania:
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- Visceral: weeks- years
- Cutaneous: 2 weeks -2 months - Muco-cutaneous: weeks to months |
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Which form of Leishmania comes from Persian gulf?
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- Cutaneous Leishmania: Tropica, aethiopica, mexicana
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Why is cutaneous Leishmania from Persian gulf dangerous?
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- It can become viscero tropic
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Which Leishmania species cause red papule at bite of sandfly?
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- Cutaneous ( tropica, mexicana, etc)
- Muco-cutaneous (braziliensis) |
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Which Leishmania causes facial destruction?
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- Leishmania braziliensis causes this
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Which Leishmania can be 75-95% fatal if untreated?
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- Visceral Leishmania by Leishmania donovani
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Symptoms include enlargement of organs like liver, and lymph nodes
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- Leishmania donovani (visceral)
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African Sleeping Sickness is caused by what organism?
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- Trypanosoma Brucei (gambiensi and rhodiense)
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What is the vector for African Sleeping Sicknes?
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- Tsetse fly is the vector
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Which Trypanosoma organism is slow onset and chronic?
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- T. gambiense
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Which Trypanosoma organism is Acute and quick onset?
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- T. rhodiense
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What happens during the two stages of Trypanosoma brucei?
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- 1st stage: Invasion of lymph
- 2nd stage: Neurological symptoms/ confusion, disruption of sleep cycle. |
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Describe life cycle of African Sleeping Sickness
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Fly injects trypomastigote in to blood--> multiply --> ingestion of blood by fly --> goes in to fly stomach/ blood --> epimastigote --> salivary gland transform in to metacyclic trypomastigote
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What are the reservoirs of the two strains of sleeping sickness?
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- T. gambiense: Humans
- T. rhodesiense: Cattle |
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What is the transmission of African Sleeping Sickness?
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- Vector (tsetse fly)
- Blood contact |
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What form of the organism for African Sleeping Sickness is infectious?
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- The metacyclic trypomastigote is what infects humans
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Why can't you make a vaccine to African Sleeping Sickness?
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- You cannot make a vaccine due to variable surface glycoprotein
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What causes Chagas disease (aka American trypanosomiasis)
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- Trypanosoma cruzi causes this disease
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What is the vector of Trypanosoma cruzi?
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- The kissing Bug: Triatomine- through its feces in to mucous membrane as metacyclic trypomastigote
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What flagellate is predominate nocturnal feeding?
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- Trypanosoma cruzi
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Chagoma
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- reddening (erythematous) and indurate area at bug bite
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Acute stage of Trypanosoma cruzi
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- rash on eyes and face
- Parasite in blood - CNS harm for children |
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Chronic Stage of Trypanosoma cruzi
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- is in 20-40% of cases
- emerges 10-20 years later - destroys CNS tissue to regulate tissue growth |
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Is treatment for trypanosoma cruzi effective?
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-No treatment is not effective, can be toxic
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Definitive Host
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- sexual form reproduces
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Intermediate host
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- asexual form (most often called LARVAL form)
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What type of host are humans for TAENIIA?
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- Humans are BOTH definitive and intermediate host
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What type of host are PIGS for Taenia?
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- Pigs are ONLY intermediate hosts
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