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47 Cards in this Set

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Virus

-named by Martinus Beijerinck


- Def: non cellular particle made up of genetic material and protein that can invade cells.


- made of a core nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat (capsid). Nucleic core is either RNA or DNA.


- rod shaped, smaller than bacteria

Lytic Cycle


-to reproduce viruses need to invade or infect a living cell, on way is the lytic cycle.


-Viruses invade living cells, the DNA of the virus converts the cells RNA and makes messenger RNA to shut down the host cell virus takes over and make copies of its protein coat and DNA. The infected cell bursts and releases hundreds of new virus particles

Eubacteria

-larger kingdom.


-usually surrounded by a cell wall made of complex carbohydrates, then a cell membrane and cytoplasm. some eubacteria have a flagellum used for movement

Cyanobacteria

- most important eubacteria.


-also known as blue / green algae


-photosynthetic


- found all around the world can live in hot springs, others in arctic

Archaebacteria

-lacks important carbohydrate in cell walls of eubacteria


-different types of lipids, ribosomes, and gene sequences.


live in harsh environments

diseases caused by bacteria

some diseases cause by pathogenic bacteria;


tuberculosis, typhoid fever, tetanus, hansen disease,syphilis, cholera

bacteria

2 kingdoms; eubacteria or archaebacteria.


-1-10 micrometers


- dont have membrane bound organelles.


-prokaryotic


-3 basic shapes; rod/bacilli, sphere/cocci and spiral/spirilla

interferon

treatment of viral diseases.


small proteins that are made by the bodies cells when they are infected by a virus.


when interferon's are released they make it more difficult for viruses to infect other cells

pathogens

disease producing agents.

antibiotics

drugs and natural compounds that can attack and destroy bacteria

ribosomes

in cytoplasm, synthesize proteins

plasmids:

rings of Dna used in reproduction

nucleiod

region has singular circular loop of dna

pilli (fimbrae)

help bacteria cling to surfaces

flagella

used for movement

Cell wall



Made of peptidoglycan - keeps cell from bursting or collasping from osmotic (water) changes.

Capsule

Found in virulent bacteria; helps invade immune system

Cell membrane

Regulates what comes in or out of the cell

Virulence

How fast a virus can affect us before our immune system kicks in

Nitrogen fixation

Many cyanobacteria can take nitrogen from the air and convert it to a form plants can use

Detrivores

Saprophytic bacteria: critical in recycling materials in the ecosystem; decomposes dead organic matter and makes it available to photosynthesizers.

Endospore

Formed when a bacteriun produces a thick internsl wall that encloses its DNA and a portion of its cytoplasm. Can remain doeman for months or years.

Transduction

Bacteriophages transfer protions of bacterial DNA from one cell to another. Plasmids are seperate pieces of DNA that can replicate on their own. They can carry genes for resistance to antibiotics and transfer them between bacteria.

Transformation

When genetic material from the environement is added to or replaces part of a bacterium's DNA.

Conjunction

Long protwin bridge forms and connects two bacterial cells. Part of the genetic info from one cell (donor) is transfered to one cell (recipient) through the bridge. Increases genetic diversity.

Binary Fission

When a bacterium has grown nearly double in size it replicates its DNA and divides producing two identical daughter cells. Asexual form of reproduction

Obligate

Can't survive without/ need in order to live


Obligate aerobes can't live without oxygen. Ex: humans

Facultative anaerobes

Don't need oxygen, but aren't harmed by its presence.

Phototrophic heterotrophs

Bacteria are photosynthetic (they use sunlight for energy).


Also need organic compounds for nutrition.

Chemotrophic heterotrophs

Bacteria that obtain energy by taking in organic molecules and then breaking then down and absorbing.


Most bacteria.

Heterotrophs

Chemotrophic heterotrops or phototrophic heterotrophs

Chemoautotrophs

Live in harsh environements and get energy from inorganic molecules, including hydrogen, sulfide, nitrites, sulfu and iron.

Phototrophic autotrophs

Trap energy from sunlight

Autotrophs

Phototrophic autotrophs and chemotrophic autotrophs

Gram stain

Chemical make up of bacterial cell wall is studied through gran staining.


Created by Hans Christian Gram.


Purple: gram positive


Red: gram negative

Strep vs Staph

Strep: long chains


Staph: large clumps/clusters

Methanogens

Lives in oxygen - free digestive tracts of animals.


Produce methane gas

Anaerobes

Organisms that can live without oxygen.


Anaerobic: process that doesn't need oxygen.

Pasteur and Spontaneus Generation:

1864: official dosproved theory of spontaneous generation.


Showed that life occured from the dust particles in the air as they had microorganisms.

Parasites

Viruses are parasites. Organisms that depend entirely upon another living organism for its existence in such a way that it harms that organism.

Prophage

Viral DNA attatched ti bacterial chromosome.


Eventually the DNA of the prophage will become active, remove itself from the DNA of the host cell ans start the synthesis of new virus particles.

Lysogenic infection

DNA of virus wnters cell and is inserted into DNA of the host. Once inserted the viral DNA is known as a prophage.

Bacteriophages

Viruses that invade bacteria. Hard region made of a protein coat (capsid), nucleic acid core and a tail.


Ex: T4

Aerobic / aerobes

Processes/organisms that need oxygen to survive.

Spontaneous generation

Hypothesis that life arises from non-life.

Lazzaro Spallanzani

Born in 1729. Disproved theory of spontaneous generation by doing an experiment with gravy.

Diseases caused by viruses

Chickenpox, flu, herpes, HIV/AIDS, HPV, measles, mumps, rubella