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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Virus |
-named by Martinus Beijerinck - Def: non cellular particle made up of genetic material and protein that can invade cells. - made of a core nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat (capsid). Nucleic core is either RNA or DNA. - rod shaped, smaller than bacteria |
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Lytic Cycle
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-to reproduce viruses need to invade or infect a living cell, on way is the lytic cycle. -Viruses invade living cells, the DNA of the virus converts the cells RNA and makes messenger RNA to shut down the host cell virus takes over and make copies of its protein coat and DNA. The infected cell bursts and releases hundreds of new virus particles |
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Eubacteria |
-larger kingdom. -usually surrounded by a cell wall made of complex carbohydrates, then a cell membrane and cytoplasm. some eubacteria have a flagellum used for movement |
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Cyanobacteria |
- most important eubacteria. -also known as blue / green algae -photosynthetic - found all around the world can live in hot springs, others in arctic |
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Archaebacteria |
-lacks important carbohydrate in cell walls of eubacteria -different types of lipids, ribosomes, and gene sequences. live in harsh environments |
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diseases caused by bacteria |
some diseases cause by pathogenic bacteria; tuberculosis, typhoid fever, tetanus, hansen disease,syphilis, cholera |
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bacteria |
2 kingdoms; eubacteria or archaebacteria. -1-10 micrometers - dont have membrane bound organelles. -prokaryotic -3 basic shapes; rod/bacilli, sphere/cocci and spiral/spirilla |
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interferon |
treatment of viral diseases. small proteins that are made by the bodies cells when they are infected by a virus. when interferon's are released they make it more difficult for viruses to infect other cells |
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pathogens |
disease producing agents. |
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antibiotics |
drugs and natural compounds that can attack and destroy bacteria |
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ribosomes |
in cytoplasm, synthesize proteins |
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plasmids: |
rings of Dna used in reproduction |
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nucleiod |
region has singular circular loop of dna |
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pilli (fimbrae) |
help bacteria cling to surfaces |
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flagella |
used for movement |
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Cell wall |
Made of peptidoglycan - keeps cell from bursting or collasping from osmotic (water) changes. |
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Capsule |
Found in virulent bacteria; helps invade immune system |
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Cell membrane |
Regulates what comes in or out of the cell |
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Virulence |
How fast a virus can affect us before our immune system kicks in |
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Nitrogen fixation |
Many cyanobacteria can take nitrogen from the air and convert it to a form plants can use |
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Detrivores |
Saprophytic bacteria: critical in recycling materials in the ecosystem; decomposes dead organic matter and makes it available to photosynthesizers. |
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Endospore |
Formed when a bacteriun produces a thick internsl wall that encloses its DNA and a portion of its cytoplasm. Can remain doeman for months or years. |
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Transduction |
Bacteriophages transfer protions of bacterial DNA from one cell to another. Plasmids are seperate pieces of DNA that can replicate on their own. They can carry genes for resistance to antibiotics and transfer them between bacteria. |
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Transformation |
When genetic material from the environement is added to or replaces part of a bacterium's DNA. |
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Conjunction |
Long protwin bridge forms and connects two bacterial cells. Part of the genetic info from one cell (donor) is transfered to one cell (recipient) through the bridge. Increases genetic diversity. |
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Binary Fission |
When a bacterium has grown nearly double in size it replicates its DNA and divides producing two identical daughter cells. Asexual form of reproduction |
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Obligate |
Can't survive without/ need in order to live Obligate aerobes can't live without oxygen. Ex: humans |
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Facultative anaerobes |
Don't need oxygen, but aren't harmed by its presence. |
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Phototrophic heterotrophs |
Bacteria are photosynthetic (they use sunlight for energy). Also need organic compounds for nutrition. |
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Chemotrophic heterotrophs |
Bacteria that obtain energy by taking in organic molecules and then breaking then down and absorbing. Most bacteria. |
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Heterotrophs |
Chemotrophic heterotrops or phototrophic heterotrophs |
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Chemoautotrophs |
Live in harsh environements and get energy from inorganic molecules, including hydrogen, sulfide, nitrites, sulfu and iron. |
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Phototrophic autotrophs |
Trap energy from sunlight |
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Autotrophs |
Phototrophic autotrophs and chemotrophic autotrophs |
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Gram stain |
Chemical make up of bacterial cell wall is studied through gran staining. Created by Hans Christian Gram. Purple: gram positive Red: gram negative |
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Strep vs Staph |
Strep: long chains Staph: large clumps/clusters |
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Methanogens |
Lives in oxygen - free digestive tracts of animals. Produce methane gas |
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Anaerobes |
Organisms that can live without oxygen. Anaerobic: process that doesn't need oxygen. |
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Pasteur and Spontaneus Generation: |
1864: official dosproved theory of spontaneous generation. Showed that life occured from the dust particles in the air as they had microorganisms. |
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Parasites |
Viruses are parasites. Organisms that depend entirely upon another living organism for its existence in such a way that it harms that organism. |
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Prophage |
Viral DNA attatched ti bacterial chromosome. Eventually the DNA of the prophage will become active, remove itself from the DNA of the host cell ans start the synthesis of new virus particles. |
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Lysogenic infection |
DNA of virus wnters cell and is inserted into DNA of the host. Once inserted the viral DNA is known as a prophage. |
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Bacteriophages |
Viruses that invade bacteria. Hard region made of a protein coat (capsid), nucleic acid core and a tail. Ex: T4 |
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Aerobic / aerobes |
Processes/organisms that need oxygen to survive. |
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Spontaneous generation |
Hypothesis that life arises from non-life. |
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Lazzaro Spallanzani |
Born in 1729. Disproved theory of spontaneous generation by doing an experiment with gravy. |
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Diseases caused by viruses |
Chickenpox, flu, herpes, HIV/AIDS, HPV, measles, mumps, rubella |