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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Sterile
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devoid of life
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sepsis
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with microbial activity
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asepsis
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without microbial activity
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Antisepsis
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procedure to control growth and replication of microbes on living tissues
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Disinfection
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procedure used to kill vegetative cells on inanimate surfaces
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sanitization
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chemical process used to reduce microbial activity to safe levels in non-clinical settings
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-cide, -cidal
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lethal to microbes
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-stasis, -static
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controls as long as the agent is present, but does not kill
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List four chacteristics of antimicrobial agents or procedures to be considered
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(1) does it react with other chemicals, (2) how much does it cost, (3) is it toxic to humans (4) what concentration works best
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List six factors to be considered when trying to destroy microbes
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(1) time of exposure, (2) microbial load [how many?] (3) spore formers, (4) interferring matter, (5) pH, (6) heat
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List four ways that cells are killed
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(1) alteration of cell wall, (2) alteration of cell membrane, (3) disruption of synthetic processes (destruction of enzymes), (4) denaturation of proteins
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List the six physical methods of microbial control
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Dry heat, Moist heat, Cold, Filtration, Ultrasound, and Radiation
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What is the minimum required temperature to sterilize with dry heat?
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160 C for 2 hours
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What method are you using when you flame a loop?
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incineration
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What is the minimum required temperature to sterilize with moist heat?
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121 C for 15 minutes
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List the four methods to sterilize with moist heat
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boiling, intermittent sterilization, pasteurization, and autoclaving
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Describe boiling
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100 C for 30 minutes, disinfects but does not kill spores
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Describe intermittent sterilization
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free-flowing stem for 30 minutes a day for three days; kills vegetative cells, then spores on second and third days
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Describe pasteurization
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does not sterilize or disinfect; decreases cell count and maintains palatability; old version: 62 C for 30 minutes; new versions: (1) 72 C for 15 sec or (2) 82 C for 3 sec.
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Describe autoclaving
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121 C for 15 min at 15 psi
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List and describe the two methods of cold control
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refrigeration and freezing; does not sterilize but slows metabolism
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List the pore sizes for filtration
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0.45, 0.22, 0.02 micrometers
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describe ultrasound
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cleans jewelry, useful for decontamination but not dependable to kill microbes, good for preliminary cleaning
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Describe radiation and list the two methods
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ionizing and non-ionizing; both sterilize, but non-ionizing does not penetrate. Ionizing is highly lethal and is used in irradiation
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What is the fundamental principle of the electromagnetic spectrum?
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Energy content is inversely proportional to wavelength
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What is the temperature of refrigeration
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4 degrees C
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What is the temperature of freezing?
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-20 degrees C
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List the two types of filtration
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millipore filters for liquid and HEPA air filters
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list the four uses of non-ionizing light
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water purification, air purification, germicidal lamps, surface sterilization
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List the four uses of ionizing light
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packaged plastic devices, medical supplies, food sterilization, bone and skin grafts
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What are the major groupings of the chemical agents of microbial control?
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Phenol and Phenolics, Chlorhexidine, halogens, alcohols, surface active agents, aldehydes, ethylene oxide gas, heavy metals, oxidizing agents, other agents
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how do phenols and phenolics work?
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membrane active, denature proteins
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List four important phenols/Phenolics
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Phenol, Cholorphene, Triclosan, Bisphenols
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Are phenols/phenolics sporicidal?
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No
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phenol
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no longer used much due to toxicity; targets cell membranes; 'Phenol Coefficient'
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triclosan
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added to many things such as soap, etc.
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bisphenols (and example of one)
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used to be common, but now reserved for staph infections due to toxicity; hexachlorophene
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what is chlorhexidine effective on?
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Gram positive and negative; broad-spectrum
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how does chlorhexidine compare to bisphenols
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persists longer, less toxic
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What is a common form of chlorhexidine?
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hibiclens
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what is hibiclens used for?
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surgical scrub, wound cleanser
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how do alcohols work?
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surfactants that dissolve lipids, coagulate proteins
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alcohol works best at what concentration?
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70%
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what microbes does alcohol work on?
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not sporicidal, not lethal to all viruses
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what are the two types of alcohol used?
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ethanol and propanol
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how do halogens work?
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oxidize and denature proteins
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halogens can be divided into what three groups?
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chlorine/hypochlorate/chloramines, iodine, and iodophors
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What are the three types of chlorine-related chemical agents?
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chlorine, hypochlorites, and chloramines
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what do chlorine-related agents do?
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sanitize and disinfect
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are chlorine-related agents sporicidal?
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slowly
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what is iodine dissolved in? what concentration? What is the major problem?
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alcohol (it is a tincture); 2% iodine; permanent stain
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what is an iodophor?
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iodine plus detergent
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what are the pluses of iodophors?
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slow release, reduced staining capacity
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what are two important iodophors?
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betadine, wescodyne
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What are the three types of surface-active agents?
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soaps, anionic detergents, cationic detergents
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what are soaps?
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long-chain salts of fatty acids, some with microbicidal additives
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what is the difference between cationic and anionic detergents?
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active portion is negatively charged (anionic; not highly active) or positively charged (cationic; more effective)
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what is an example of an anionic detergent?
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sodium lauryl sulfate
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what are two important types of cationic detergents?
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quats and roccal
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what are QUATS? Example
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quaternary ammonium compounds; benzalkonium chloride
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what is good and bad about roccal?
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wide spectrum; inactivated by organics
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how do cationic detergents work?
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bind to negative-charged surface proteins and destroy selective permeability
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how do aldehydes work?
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react with functional groups of proteins and nucleic acids to denature proteins
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How effective are aldehydes?
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sporicidal
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what are the two types of aldehydes used?
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formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde
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what is good and bad about formaldehyde
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sporicidal, corrosive, allergenic
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is glutaraldehyde sporicidal?
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in 3-10 hours
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list two types of glutaraldehyde agents
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cidex and sporicidin
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what are the good and bad about ethylene oxide?
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slow acting, highly penetrating, toxic, sterilizes in 1.5-3 hours
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how do heavy metals work?
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modify and precipitate proteins from solution
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list three types of heavy metals
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silver nitrate, mercurials, copper sulfate
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silver nitrate used to be used as… What replaced it in this function?
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prophylactic in eyes of newborns; replaced by erythromycin
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list three important mercurials
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metaphn, merthiolate, and thimerisol
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what is the use of copper sulfate
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algicide
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what are the four other types of chemical agents?
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acids, alkalis, dyes, and oxidizing agents
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how do acids work?
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denature proteins
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how do alkalis work?
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denature proteins
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what dyes do what?
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basic dies (Gentian violet) used on fungi and gram positive; acridine dyes (acridine orange) alter nulceic acid synthesis
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what are two types of oxidizing agents?
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hydrogen peroxide and ozone
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what concentrations of hydrogen peroxide do what?
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3% is bacteriocidal; 6-25% is sporicidal
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what is the major problem with hydrogen peroxide?
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does not last long
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