Micro Midterm Drugs

Front 1

Penicillin

Back 1

- inhibits the formation of peptidoglycan cross-links in the bacterial cells wall by binding to the essential enzyme transcriptase irreversibly

Front 2

bacitracin

Back 2

- inhibits the dephosphorylation of bactoprenol which is a carrier protein involved in the synthesis of the cell wall (peptidolycan)
- streptococcus pyogenes is sensitive to this drug

Front 3

Beta-lactams

Back 3

- for example penicillin which irreversibly binds to the transpeptidase which forms the cell wall
- prevents growth of new cells (cells lyse due to lack of peptidoglycan layer

Front 4

Polyenes

Back 4

- anti-fungal
- site of action is cell membrane (direct membrane damage)
- example: amphotericin B

Front 5

Flucytosine

Back 5

- anti-fungal
- site of action nucleic acid synthesis
- fungal cytosine deaminase turns flucytosine into 5-fluorouracil which inhibits thymidylate synthetase and therefore DNA synthesis

Front 6

Azoles

Back 6

- anti-fungal
- acts on cell membrane
- inhibits ergosterol synthesis
- example is Fluconazole
- inhibits production of ergosterol directly by inhibiting lanosterol --> ergosterol (14alpha-demethylase)

Front 7

Allyamines

Back 7

- anti-fungal
- acts on cell membrane
- inhibits ergosterol synthesis (indirectly)
- inhibits squalene epoxidase (build up of squalene)
- e.g. Terbinafine
- increased membrane permeability*

Front 8

Echinocandins

Back 8

- anti-fungal
- acts on cell wall
- inhibits glucan synthesis
- e.g. Caspofungin

Front 9

Nikkomycin Z

Back 9

- anti-fungal
- acts on cell wall
- inhibits synthesis of chitin
- competes with UDP-N-acetylglucosamine for chitin synthase

Front 10

Clavulanic acid

Back 10

- Beta-lactamase inhibitor

Front 11

cycloserine

Back 11

- inhibits the 2 enzymes involved in producing D-alanine (part of NAG in the peptidoglycan polymer)

Front 12

aminoglycosides

Back 12

- inhibits protein synthesis by binding the 30S ribosomal unit
- irreversible
- induces codon misreading
- not affective agains anaerobes since there is no oxidative phosphorylation in them

Front 13

tetracyclines

Back 13

- inhibits protein synthesis by binding the 30S ribosomal unit
- reversible
- blocks binding of aminoacylated tRNA to A site

Front 14

macrolides

Back 14

- inhibits protein synthesis by acting on the 50S ribosomal unit
- inhibits transpeptidation and translocation

Front 15

lincosamides

Back 15

- inhibits protein synthesis by acting on the 50S ribosomal unit
- target binding at A and P sites

Front 16

streptogramins

Back 16

- inhibits protein synthesis by acting on the 50S ribosomal unit
- inhibits peptide bond formation

Front 17

Acyclovir

Back 17

- anti-viral drug that blocks viral replication
- Guanosine analogue
- nucleoside analogues incorporate into viral genome and terminate replication because the bases are missing a hydroxyl group, preventing binding
- used to treat HHV 1+2

- cytomegalovirus is resistant since it does not have thymidine kinase

Front 18

Azidothymidine

Back 18

- anti-viral drug
-nucleoside inhibitor of reverse transcriptase
- causes chain termination

Front 19

Foscarnet, Nevirapine

Back 19

- anti-viral drug
- non-nucleoside inhibitors of RT
- bind to sites on RT enzyme

Front 20

Saquinavir

Back 20

- anti-viral drug against HIV
- protease inhibitor
- block cleavage of polyproteins which blocks viral assembly and release

Front 21

Imiquimod

Back 21

- toll-like receptor ligand, stimulates innate responses (NK cells) to attack the virus infection like HPV for example

Front 22

Interferons

Back 22

- anti-viral
- inhibits transcription and translation in Hep A, B and C, HSV, HPV and rhinovirus

Front 23

Metronidazole

Back 23

- used to treat vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE)
- used to treat clostridium difficile

Front 24

Amantadine

Back 24

- prevent the uncoating of Influenza A
- target is M2 protein
- does not affect Influenza B or C since they do not possess M2 protein (ion channel)

Front 25

Rimantidine

Back 25

- prevent the uncoating of Influenza A
- target is M2 protein
- does not affect Influenza B or C since they do not possess M2 protein (ion channel)

Front 26

Zanamivir

Back 26

- drug for Influenza A and B
- inhibits neuraminadase leading to the virus clumping and not being able to release

Front 27

Oseltamivir (Tamiflu)

Back 27

- drug for Influenza A and B
- inhibits neuraminadase leading to the virus clumping and not being able to release

Front 28

Optochin

Back 28

- anti-biotic against streptococci pneumoniae

Front 29

TB treatment

Back 29

First line:
- isoniazid
- rifampin
- streptomycin
- ethambutol

Second line:
- para-aminosalicyclic acid
- cycloserine
- fluoroquinolones

Front 30

Gancyclovir

Back 30

- Cytomegalovirus (HHV-5) treatment
- acyclic guanosine analogue, decreases virus shedding in all patients

Front 31

Human leukocyte interferon

Back 31

- delays virus shedding in cytomegalovirus