Micro Midterm Chapters 1-8

Front 1

Protists include

Back 1

Algae and Protozoa

Front 2

Which of the following is found in eukaryotic cells but NOT in the cells of bacteria

Back 2

Nucleus, Mitochondria, Endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes

Front 3

Eukaryotic flagella differ from bacteria flagella because only eukaryotic flagella

Back 3

Are long whip-like structures

Front 4

Cilia are structures for motility found primarily in

Back 4

Protozoa

Front 5

Cell walls are not usually found in

Back 5

Protozoa

Front 6

The eukaryotic cells glycocalyx is

Back 6

Mostly polysaccharide

Front 7

Which of the following is not a function of the eukaryotes glycocalyx

Back 7

Movement

Front 8

The eukaryotic cell membrane is composed of

Back 8

Sterols, proteins, phospholipids, cholesterol

Front 9

What is the site for ribosomal RNA synthesis

Back 9

Nucleolus

Front 10

Chitin is a chemical component of the cell walls of

Back 10

Fungi

Front 11

When a eukaryotic cell is not undergoing mitosis, the DNA and its Associated proteins appear as invisible network of dark fibers called

Back 11

Chromatin

Front 12

What best describes histones

Back 12

Proteins associated with DNA in the nucleus

Front 13

The cells series of tunnel like membranes functioning in transport and storage are known as

Back 13

Endoplasmic reticulum

Front 14

Which best describes as organelle that is a stack of flattened, membranous sacs and functions to receive, modify and package proteins for cell secretion

Back 14

Golgi Apparatus

Front 15

Protists with contractile vacuoles

Back 15

use them to expel excess water from the cell

Front 16

Which organelle is found in algae but not found in protozoa or fungi

Back 16

Chloroplast

Front 17

Which BEST describes the cytoskeleton

Back 17

anchors organelles, provides support, functions in movements of the cytoplasm, helps maintain cell shape

Front 18

What are filamentous fungi called

Back 18

Molds

Front 19

Fungi that grow as yeast at one temperature but will grow as mold at another temperature are called

Back 19

Dimorphic

Front 20

All of the following are helminths

Back 20

tapeworms, flukes, flatworms, roundworms

Front 21

Larvae and eggs are developmental forms of

Back 21

Helminths

Front 22

Adulthood and mating of helminths occur in which host

Back 22

Definitive Host

Front 23

Larval development of helminths occurs in which host

Back 23

Intermediate (Secondary) host

Front 24

After returning from a trip to Africa, Tom begins to feel very tired and weak. He has severe anemia. A blood smear reveals a protozoan is present in his blood. The health care provider tells Tom he has malaria. Which of the following could be the causative agent of his disease

Back 24

Plasmodium falciparum

Front 25

Viruses have all of the following

Back 25

metabolism, genes, the ability to infect host cells, ultramicroscopic size

Front 26

Who developed a rabies vaccine by separating bacteria from virus using a filter

Back 26

Louis Pasteur

Front 27

Virus capsids are made from subunits called

Back 27

Capsomeres

Front 28

What is the protein shell around the nucleic acid core of a virus called

Back 28

Capsid

Front 29

A naked virus has a

Back 29

Nucleocapsid

Front 30

Which of the following is not correct related to virus envelopes

Back 30

are located between the capsid and the nucleic acid

Front 31

Viral spikes

Back 31

protrude from the envelope

Front 32

What does the core of every virus particle ALWAYS contain

Back 32

Either DNA or RNA

Front 33

Which of the following is NOT associated with every virus

Back 33

Envelope

Front 34

Reverse transcriptase synthesizes

Back 34

DNA from RNA

Front 35

In general, most DNA viruses multiply in the host cell's ______ while most RNA viruses multiply in the host cell's______

Back 35

Nucleus, Cytoplasm

Front 36

Which of the following is a type of cytopathic effect

Back 36

inclusions in the nucleus, multinucleated giant cells, inclusions in the cytoplasm, cells change shape

Front 37

Viruses attach to their hosts via

Back 37

Host glycoproteins

Front 38

What are persistent viruses that can reactivate periodically called

Back 38

Chronic latent viruses

Front 39

What structures are used by bacteriophages to attach to host cell receptors

Back 39

Tail fibers

Front 40

Viruses that cause infection resulting in alternating periods of activity with symptoms and inactivity without symptoms are called

Back 40

latent

Front 41

What does lysogeny refer to

Back 41

viral genome inserting into bacterial host chromosome

Front 42

What are viruses that infect bacteria specifically called

Back 42

bacteriophages

Front 43

Which of the following is INCORRECT about prophages

Back 43

cause lysis of host cells

Front 44

What type of phage enters an inactive prophage stage

Back 44

Temperate

Front 45

The activation of a prophage is called

Back 45

Induction

Front 46

What do cells grown in a culture form

Back 46

monolayer

Front 47

A common method for cultivating viruses in the lab is to use in vitro systems called ________cultures

Back 47

Cell

Front 48

What are infectious protein particles called

Back 48

prion

Front 49

What is Creutzfeld-Jacob disease

Back 49

A spongiform encephalopathy of humans

Front 50

What organelle contains cristae where enzymes and electron carriers for aerobic respiration are found

Back 50

mitochondria

Front 51

When humans manipulate the genes of microorganisms, the process is called

Back 51

Genetic engineering

Front 52

Which of the following is not considered a microorganism

Back 52

mosquito

Front 53

All microorganisms are best defined as organisms that

Back 53

are too small to be seen with the unaided eye

Front 54

Which activity is an example of biotechnology

Back 54

Eschericia coli producing human insulin

Front 55

Living things ordinarily too small to be seen with the unaided eye are termed

Back 55

microorganisms

Front 56

The study of the immune response to infection caused by microorganisms is called

Back 56

immunology

Front 57

Which of the following does not indicate microbe involvement in energy and nutrient flow

Back 57

formation of oxygen by an oxygenic photosynthesis

Front 58

The microorganisms that recycle nutrients by breaking down dead matter and wastes are called

Back 58

decomposers

Front 59

The microorganisms that do not have a nucleus in their cells are called

Back 59

Prokaryotes

Front 60

The first prokaryotes appeared about _____ billion years ago

Back 60

3.5

Front 61

Which of the following is not a human use of microorganisms

Back 61

manufacturing copper wire

Front 62

Using microorganisms to detoxify a site contaminated with heavy metals is an example of

Back 62

bioremediation

Front 63

Disease-causing microorganisms are called

Back 63

Pathogens

Front 64

The most prevalent worldwide infectious diseases are

Back 64

respiratory diseases

Front 65

Which of the following is a unique characteristic of viruses that distinguishes them from the other major groups of microorganisms

Back 65

lack cell structure

Front 66

Helminths are

Back 66

parasitic worms

Front 67

Organisms called parasites are

Back 67

always harmful to their host

Front 68

Which of the following is not a characteristic of bacteria

Back 68

Its DNA is wrapped around histones

Front 69

What are the two functions of bacterial appendages

Back 69

attachment and motility

Front 70

Bacterial cells could have any of the following appendages except

Back 70

cilia

Front 71

Chemotaxis refers to the ability to

Back 71

move in response to a chemical

Front 72

Movement of a cell toward a chemical stimulus is termed

Back 72

positive chemotaxis

Front 73

What is the term that refers to the presence of a tuft of flagella emerging from the same site

Back 73

Lophotrichous

Front 74

What is the term that refers to the presence of flagella over the cell surface

Back 74

Peritrichous

Front 75

The short, numerous appendages used by some bacterial cells for adhering to surfaces are called

Back 75

Fimbriae

Front 76

Which structure protects bacteria from being phagocytized by white blood cells

Back 76

capsule

Front 77

The outcome of the Gram stain is based on differences in the cell's

Back 77

wall

Front 78

The cell ______can be composed of three layers; the cytoplasmic membrane, the cell wall and the outer membrane

Back 78

envelope

Front 79

During the Gram stain, ____cells decolorize when the alcohol is applied

Back 79

Gram negative

Front 80

If bacteria living in salty seawater were displaced to a freshwater environment, the cell structure that would prevent the cells from rupturing is the

Back 80

cell wall

Front 81

The _____ stain is used to stain and differentiate Mycobacterium and Nocardia from other bacteria

Back 81

Acid fast

Front 82

The enzyme _____ found in tears and saliva, can hydrolyze the bonds in the glycan chains of certain bacterial cell walls

Back 82

Lysozyme

Front 83

Lysozyme is most effective against

Back 83

Gram positive organisms

Front 84

Which of the following does not pertain to endotoxin

Back 84

Is found in acid-fast bacterial cell walls

Front 85

The site(s) for most ATP synthesis in bacterial cells is (are) the

Back 85

cell membrane

Front 86

All bacterial cells have

Back 86

one or more chromosomes

Front 87

Which statement best describes plasmids

Back 87

are often the site of pathogenic genes

Front 88

The function of bacterial endospores is

Back 88

protection of genetic material during harsh conditions

Front 89

The Five I's of studying microorganisms include all of the following

Back 89

Inoculation, Incubation, Isolation, Identification, inspection

Front 90

A pure selective culture contains

Back 90

none of these-only one species of microorganism, only bacteria, a variety of different microbes from one source, a variety of species from the same genus

Front 91

The correct microbiological term for the tiny sample of specimen that is put into a nutrient medium in order to produce a culture is known as the

Back 91

Inoculum

Front 92

The three physical forms of laboratory media are

Back 92

solid, semisolid and liquid

Front 93

Which of the following is not an inoculating tool

Back 93

petri dish

Front 94

Which of the following magnifies the specimen to produce the real image of the specimen

Back 94

Objective lens

Front 95

Which of the following magnifies the specimen to produce the virtual image of the specimen

Back 95

Ocular lens

Front 96

Which of the following controls the amount of light entering the specimen

Back 96

Iris diaphragm

Front 97

A nutrient medium that contains at least one ingredient that is not chemically definable would be termed

Back 97

Complex

Front 98

A microbiologist inoculates Staphylococcus epidermidis and Escherichia coli into a culture medium. Following incubation, only the E. coli grows in the culture. What is the most likely explanantion

Back 98

The culture medium must be selective

Front 99

A reducing medium contains

Back 99

Hemoglobin, vitamins, or other growth factors

Front 100

Which type of medium is able to distinguish different species or types of microorganisms based on an observable change in the colonies or in the medium

Back 100

Differential

Front 101

Be able to explain why microorganisms need macronutrients

Back 101

Microorganisms need macronutrients because they are needed in relatively large quantities and play principle roles in cell structure and metabolism.

Front 102

Be able to identify what compound makes-up the dry weight of a microbial cell, and highest concentration of a cell.

Back 102

97% of the dry cell weight is composed of organic materials and 96% of the dry cell weight is composed of 6 elements (Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorous, Sulfur) CHONPS

Front 103

Be familiar with the purpose of mineral ions (i.e., magnesium) for a microbial cell.

Back 103

The mineral ions have either a positive or negative charge. On the molecular level the element has either too few or too many electrons, this unstable state ionic state allows the element to bond readily with water, making it possible for the cell to absorb it the cell can then make changes to move nutrients to the areas that need them

Front 104

Photoheterotrophs

Back 104

have sunlight as their energy source, they are organic. Example-purple and green photosynthetic bacteria

Front 105

Chemoheterotrophs

Back 105

are organisms that derive their energy and carbon from organic molecules-example-protozoa, fungi, many bacteria, animals (the majority of heterotrophic microorganisms are chemoheterotrophs. Release energy in the form of ATP. energy source is from metabolic conversion of the nutrients from other organisms, their carbon source is organic. Examples protozoa, fungi, many bacteria and animals

Front 106

Heterotrophs

Back 106

are organisms that must obtain its carbon in an organic form, get their energy from other organisms or sunlight, (fungi are saprobes which obtain substrates from dead plants or animals in soil or aquatic habitats)

Front 107

Phototrophs

Back 107

are microbes that photosynthesize (categorized via their energy source), sunlight is their energy source, their carbon source is CO2, examples are photosynthetic organisms such as algae, plants, cyanobacteria

Front 108

Autotrophs

Back 108

use inorganic CO2 as its carbon source, they have a special capacity to convert CO2 into organic compounds and not nutritionally dependent on other living things,get their energy from nonliving sources

Front 109

Saprobes

Back 109

energy source is metabolizing the organic matter of dead organisms, their carbon source is organic example fungi and bacteria (decomposers)

Front 110

What is diffusion?

Back 110

The phenomenon of molecular movement, in which atoms or molecules move in a gradient from an area of higher density or concentration to an area of lower density or concentration

Front 111

What is osmosis?

Back 111

The diffusion of water through a selectively or differentially permeable membrane (has passageways that allow free diffusion of water, but block certain other dissolved molecules, when the membrane is placed between solutions of differing concentrations of solute and the solute cannot pass through the membrane, water will diffuse at a faster rate from the side that has more water to the side that has less water. This will continue until the concentration of water is equalized on both sides of the membrane

Front 112

Be able to define/describe active transport.

Back 112

The transport of nutrients against the diffusion gradient or in the same direction as the natural gradient but at a rate faster than by diffusion alone. The presence of specific membrane proteins (permeases and pumps), the expenditure of energy. Examples of substances transported actively are monosaccharides, amino acids, organic acids, phosphates and metal ions

Front 113

Hypertonic

Back 113

having a greater osmotic pressure than a reference solution

Front 114

Hypotonic,

Back 114

, having a lower osmotic pressure than a reference solution

Front 115

Isotonic

Back 115

-two solutions having the same osmotic pressure such that when separated by a semipermeable membrane there is no net movement of solvent in either direction

Front 116

Psychotroph

Back 116

grow slowly in cold temps but have an optimum temp between 15 and 30 degrees Celsius (staphylococcus aureus and listeria monocytogenes) are able to grow at refrigerator temps and cause food borne disease

Front 117

Psychrophiles-

Back 117

optimum temp below 15 degrees Celsius but capable of growth at 0 degrees Celsius, obligate with respect to cold and cannot grow above 20 degrees Celsius, storage at refrigerator temps incubates rather than inhibits them, natural habitats of psychochrophillic bacteria, algae and fungi and algae are lakes, rivers, snowfields, polar ice and the deep ocean, they are rarely pathogenic

Front 118

Mesophiles

Back 118

majority of medically significant microorganisms, grow at intermediate temps between 20 and 40 degrees Celsius, inhabit animals and plants as well as soil and water in temperate, subtropical, and tropical regions, human pathogens have optimal temps between 30 and 40 degrees Celsius

Front 119

Thermoduric

Back 119

can survive short exposure to high temps but are normally Mesophiles, common contaminants of heated or pasteurized foods, examples are heat-resistant cysts such as Giardia and sporeformers such as Bacillus and Clostridium

Front 120

Thermophile

Back 120

grows optimally at temps greater than 45 degrees Celsius, they live is soil and water associated with volcanic activity, compost piles, and in habitats exposed directly to the sun. vary in heat requirements with a range growth of 45 to 80 degrees Celsius, most eukaryotic forms cannot survive above 60 degrees Celsius

Front 121

Extreme thermophiles

Back 121

grow between 80 and 121 degrees Celsius

Front 122

What are the three main types of symbiosis?

Back 122

a symbiosis is a general term to denote a situation in which two organisms live together in a close partnership. Mutualism-organisms live in an obligatory but mutually beneficial relationship Commensalism-the partner called the commensal receives benefits while its partner is neither harmed nor benefitted Parasitism-a relationship in which the host organism provides the parasitic microbe with nutrients and a habitat, parasite usually harms the host to some extent

Front 123

What are the four stages in the Normal Growth Curve? Be familiar with the characteristics that describe each stage.

Back 123

Death phase-cells begin to die at an exponential rate due to the build-up of wastes, speed with which death occurs depends on the resistance of the species and how toxic the conditions are, slower than the exponential growth phase. Lag phase-is a “flat” period of growth to newly inoculated cells that require a period of adjustment, enlargement, and synthesis, cells are not yet multiplying at their maximum rate, population of cells is so sparse or dilute that sampling misses them. Exponential phase-growth increases geometrically, will continue as long as cells have adequate nutrients and the environment is favorable. Stationary phase-cell birth and deaths are equal, cell division rate is slowing down and is caused by depleted nutrients and oxygen, plus excretion of organic acids and biochemical pollutants into the growth medium

Front 124

What are enzymes?

Back 124

They are protein catalyst that facilitates metabolic reactions

Front 125

Be able to list the characteristics that make-up enzymes (i.e., they can be used over and over, etc.).

Back 125

most enzymes are proteins and may require cofactors, they are considered macromolecules, great example of catalysts which speed up the rate of cellular reactions, they have unique characteristics such as shape, specificity and function, enable metabolic reactions to proceed at a speed compatible with life, have an active sight for target molecules called substrates, are much larger in size than their substrates, are not used up or permanently changed by the reaction, can be recycled, thus can function in extremely low concentrations, are greatly affected by temperature and Ph, can be regulated by feedback and genetic mechanisms (pg 169 table 7.1) side note coenzymes are derived from vitamins

Front 126

What are cofactors

Back 126

are either organic molecules (coenzymes) or inorganic elements (metal ions)

Front 127

What is a holoenzyme

Back 127

referred to as a conjugated enzyme and it’s a combination of a protein and one or more cofactors

Front 128

What are substrates-

Back 128

the specific molecule upon which an enzyme acts (pg 169-170)

Front 129

What is peptidase

Back 129

an enzyme that hydrolyzes a peptide bond

Front 130

Ligase

Back 130

catalyze the formation of bonds with the input of ATP and the removal of water

Front 131

Be familiar with linear pathways and cyclic pathways-

Back 131

the product of one reaction is often the reactant (substrate)for the next forming a linear pathway, may have branches that that provide alternate methods for nutrient processing. Cyclic pathways in which the starting molecule is regenerated to initiate another turn on the cycle

Front 132

Be able to state the outcome when energy is released by electrons in the cell. (Hint: what is the energy release by electrons used for?)

Back 132

It’s used to phosphorylate ADP

Front 133

Be able to list the process/characteristics of glycolysis

Back 133

- the energy yielding breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid or lactic acid. It is often called anaerobic glycolysis because no molecular oxygen is consumed in the degradation

Front 134

How do eukaryotic chromosomes differ from bacterial chromosomes?

Back 134

in a bacterium the chromosome consists of a single naked circle of DNA, in eukaryotes each chromosome consists of a single linear DNA molecule

Front 135

Genome

Back 135

the complete set of chromosomes and genes in an organism

Front 136

Plasmid-

Back 136

extra chromosomal genetic units characterized by several features. A plasmid is a double stranded DNA that is smaller than and replicates independently of the cell chromosome; it bears genes that are not essential for growth, it can bear genes that code for adaptive traits and it is transmissible to other bacteria

Front 137

Genotype

Back 137

the genetic makeup of an organism the genotype is usually responsible for an organism’s phenotype or expressed characteristics

Front 138

Phenotype

Back 138

the observable characteristics of an organism produced by the interaction between its genetic potential (genotype) and the environment

Front 139

Histones-

Back 139

proteins associated with eukaryotic DNA, these simple proteins serve as winding spools to compact and condense chromosomes

Front 140

Amino acids

Back 140

the building blocks of proteins, they exist in 20 naturally occurring forms that impart different characteristics to the various proteins they compose

Front 141

Nucleotides

Back 141

the basic structural unit of DNA and RNA; each nucleotide consists of a phosphate, a sugar and a nitrogenous base such as adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine (DNA only) or uracil (RNA only)

Front 142

Purines

Back 142

a nitrogenous base that is an important encoding component of DNA and RNA. The two most common purines are adenine and guanine

Front 143

Mutation

Back 143

a permanent inheritable alteration in the DNA sequence or content of a cell

Front 144

Be able to describe nitrogenous bases-

Back 144

a nitrogen containing molecule that has the same chemical properties as a base, they make up the building blocks of DNA and RNA (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine and uracil

Front 145

Transcription?

Back 145

Master code of DNA that is first used to synthesize an RNA molecule

Front 146

Translation?

Back 146

And then the information contained in the RNA is then used to produce proteins

Front 147

What are codons

Back 147

Mrna nucleotides are read in groups of three, three nucleotides are called a codon, and it is the codons that dictate which amino acid is added to a growing peptide chain

Front 148

Introns

Back 148

the segments on split genes of eukaryotes that do not code for polypeptides. They can have regulatory functions

Front 149

exons

Back 149

a stretch of eukaryotic DNA coding for a corresponding portion of mRNA that is translated into peptides, intervening stretches of DNA