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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Intermediates are created through |
Many small steps (reactions) |
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Bonds = |
Potential energy Covalent bond energy |
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-ASE |
Enzyme proteins Dehydrogenase Oxidase ATPASE Decarbolase Deaminase |
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Enzyme proteins are denatured by |
Extreme temp pH Salts Ions Radiation Heavy metals Oxidizing agents |
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Holoenzymes |
Active Functional Complete H= Apoenzyme+Cofactors/Coenzymes |
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Catalysis |
Lowers activation energy Speeds up rxns May require Cofactors |
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Cofactors |
Organic Coenzymes Metallic Ions |
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Active Site |
Specific binding site for substrate/s Site of enzyme catalysis Lock & Key Induced fit Aligns substrates, stretches bonds |
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Beneficial Inhibition |
Includes feedback inhibition Excess/intermediate product temp. blocks allosteric enzyme in pathway |
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P(i) |
Inorganic phosphate ions |
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Dephosphorylation |
Releases energy ATP-> ADP + P(i) + energy Takes off 3rd P(i) from ATP |
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Phosphorylation |
Requires energy ADP + P(i) + energy--> ATP Adds 3rd P(i) to ADP |
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Substrate level phosphorylation |
Makes ATP directly Phosphate group from food/substrate |
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Oxidative phosphorylation |
e- harvested from food Carried by e- carriers-> special membrane= ATP by chemiosmosis |
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Respiration |
Food bond energy conversion Fermentation Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration |
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Fermentation |
Oxidation doesn't require O2 Occurs in cytoplasm, mainly prokaryotes Glucose+ 2ADP +2P(i)--> 2 ATP + acids and/or alcohols +/- CO2 |
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Fermentation makes |
2 ATP per glucose through glycolysis then recycling NAD+ & Excreting pyruvate |
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Lactic Acid Fermentation |
Generates 2ATP + Lactic acid eg Lactobacillus sp. |
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Lactic Acid |
C3H6O3 |
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Ethyl Alcohol Fermentation |
Generates 2ATP + 2 Ethyl Alcohols + CO2 eg Yeast |
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Fermentation Waste Products |
Important diagnostic of bacterial/fungal pathogens $$ Industrial Manufacturing- acids/alcohols |
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Fermentation Final Electron Acceptor |
Organic pyruvate derivative |
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Aerobic Respiration |
Requires O2 Aerobes & Facultative Anaerobes Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes |
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Prokaryotes |
Cytoplasm Plasma membrane |
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Eukaryotes |
Cytoplasm mitochondria (matrix & cristae) |
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Aerobic Respiration formula |
Glucose + 6 O2 + 38 ADP + 38 P(i)--> 38 ATP + 6 H2O + 6 CO2 |
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Aerobic Respiration Glycolysis |
Makes 38 ATP (Euks=36) |
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Aerobic Respiration Final Electron Acceptor from original glucose |
O2 |
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Anaerobic Respiration |
No O2 required, needs similar molecules: SOx, NOx, COx Unicellular anaerobes Few multicellular anaerobes |
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Anaerobic Resipration makes |
Variable ATP 2 < ATP < 38 Glycolysis= 2 ATP Kreb's version= ? ATP Oxidative Phosphorylation= ? ATP |
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Anaerobic Respiration may generate |
Waste products eg H2S, NO2-, NH3, S |
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Anaerobic Respiration may be used |
Diagnostically It is less common than fermentation |
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Anaerobic Respiration Final Electron Acceptors from original glucose |
NOx, SOx, COx, CH4, NOx, S |
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Alternative Nutrients |
Other CHOs Proteins Lipids |
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Other CHOs |
Digestion/Hydrolysis &/Isomerization to monomers-> Glycolysis |
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Proteins |
Deamination of amino acids-> Carboxylic Acids-> Kreb's Cycle/Glycolysis |
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Lipids |
Beta Oxidation of fatty acids-> C2 fragments-> pre-Kreb's acetyl CoA-> Kreb's Cycle |
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Metabolism |
Sum total of all chemical reactions & physical workings occurring in a cell |
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Energy |
Capacity to do work or cause change |
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Endergonic reactions |
Absorb/store/Require energy |
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Exergonic Reactions |
Release energy |
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Catabolism |
Break down complex compounds into simpler units Releases/produces energy (ATP) CO2 H2O end products w/reduced energy |
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Anabolism |
Builds larger molecules Requires energy/ATP (from catabolism) Forms cell structures |
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Substrate-Level Phosphorylation step |
1 Step In cytoplasm/matrix 1 Enzyme (varies) No O2 required Organic substrate Low ATP yield Glycolysis & Kreb's Aerobic yield: Glyc (2) + Kreb's (2)= 4 All organisms |
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Oxidative Phosphorylation steps |
Many steps In Plasma membrane/Cristae Requires O2 or NOx, SOx, COx No substrate---reduced e- carriers & P(i) High ATP yield No direct pathways: Glyc, pre-K & K produce reduced NADH/FADH2 10NADH+ 2FADH2= 34 Organisms with ETC (not Ferm) |
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ATP |
Modified Nucleotide Ribose, Adenine, 3 Phosphate groups Adenine- Nitrogenous Base Ribose- 5 Carbon Sugar Easy removal/addition of the terminal (2nd & 3rd) phosphates |
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Phosphorylation |
Adds and inorganic phosphate P(i) to adenosine diphosphate, converting it to ATP |
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Redox Reactions |
Oxidation Is Loss of electrons Reduction Is Gain of electrons (oilrig) |
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Coenzymes: NAD+/FAD |
Easily oxidized/reduced NAD+ + 2H--> NADH + H+ FAD + 2H--> FADH2 (2 H= 2 e- and 2H+) |
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Glucose oxidation |
Gives off energy |
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Substrate |
Specific molecule enzyme acts upon Enzyme converts molecule to end product (reactant) |
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Enzymes |
Huge, globular proteins -ASE Biological Catalysts- induced fit Lower activation energy Substrate Specific- induced fit May require cofactors Recycled and Reused May be inhibited: Reversible or irreversibly May be denatured |
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Native Conformation |
Normal Structure |
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Allosteric Site |
Not the active site |
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Apoenzyme |
The protein portion of the enzyme |
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Cofactor |
Non-protein part of enzyme Metallic Ions (Fe++, Zn++, Mg++, Co++, Mn++) Organic coenzymes (vit B, FAD, NADH) |
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Induced fit hypothesis |
How an enzyme catalyses a chem reaction Enzyme undergoes conformational change when substrate/s bind Bonds break, new bonds form Products released |
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ES Complex |
When Enzyme and Substrate/s Combine |
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Competitive inhibitor |
Analogue binds to Active site Substrate can't bond often (outcompeted) Chemical Slows rxn |
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Analogue |
Mimics substrate |
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Non-competitive inhibitor |
Binds to allosteric site Enzyme shape changes Poor/zero enzyme function |
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1000's of enzymes required for |
Metabolic pathways in Membranes (integral, peripheral, transmembrane proteins) Cytoplasm Exoenzymes (secreted out of cell) Organelles ('eml eukaryotes only) |
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Enzyme names |
By substrate/product & Rxn type (OXIDase, SYNTHase, etc) E.g. Glucose phosphotransferase Named for what they make or break, and how they do it. |
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Consequences of enzyme inhibition |
Host defense Plant defense Pesticide/Herbicide Action Self-Regulation Pathogenicity & Virulence Pharmacology (drugs action) Disinfectant action |
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Host defense enzymes |
Lysozyme destroys bacterial cell walls: NAMs, NAGs Salivary chelating agents remove microbial cofactors |
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Plant defense enzymes |
Castor bean oil- ricin, irreversible inhibitor of ribosomes Death cap mushroom- RNA polymerase II inhibitor |
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Pesticide/Herbicide action |
Malathion- insecticide, inhibits neurotransmitter enzyme Glyphosate- herbicide, blocks synthesis of branched amino acids |
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Self-regulation |
Negative feedback |
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Pathogenicity & Virulence |
Virulence Factors: Enzymes digest host Toxins block host enzymes |
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Pharmacology (drugs action) |
Penicillin: peptidoglycan synthesis Protease inhibitors- HIV Sulfur drugs- folic acid pathway enz. Acyclovir- herpes Viagra- inhibits enzyme signal that normally stops blood flow |
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Disinfectant action |
Triclosan- fatty acid synth. |
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Feedback inhibition |
Negative feedback Any product/intermediate interfered w/1 key enzyme that makes it |
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Regulation of metabolism at Enzyme level |
Feedback inhibition End product inhibition |
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End product inhibition |
Negative Pathway end product inhibits key enzyme earlier in pathway More specific feedback inhibition Blocked by EXCESS product |
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Metabolism regulation at genetic level |
Constitutive enzymes Induced/repressed enzymes |
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Constitutive enzymes |
Always produced in cell (Protein synth of enzymes) |
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Constitutive enzymes |
Always produced in cell (Protein synth of enzymes) |
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Induced/Repressed enzymes |
Genes only expressed when suitable substrates are present (Protein synthesis of enzymes) |
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Aerobic & Anaerobic pathways |
4: Glycolysis Pre-Krebs Krebs ETC |
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Respiration converts |
E --> ATP |
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Fermentation pathway |
Glycolysis |
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O2 final e- acceptor in |
Aerobic (cellular) respiration |
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NO3-, SO4-, CO3- final e- acceptors in |
Anaerobic respiration |
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Organic molecules final e- acceptors in |
Fermentation |
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Aerobic ATP yield |
38 36: euks |
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Anaerobic ATP yield |
Variable 2 <ATP <38 |
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Fermentation ATP yield |
2 |
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4 stages of aerobic respiration |
Glycolysis (cytoplasm) Pre-Krebs/transition (cytoplasm) Krebs/TCA/Citric Acid cycle (cytoplasm/mitochondrial matrix) ETC |
