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43 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What are the functions of the male reproductive system? (3)
Production and transport of spermatozoa.

Secretion of fluids

Placement of semen into female reproductive tract.
What are the endocrine and exocrine parts of the testes?
Exocrine - produce spermatozoa. The seminiferous tubules are the exocrine parts.

Endocrine - produce secretion of interstitial and sustentacular cells. The sustentacular and interstitial cells (within the seminiferous tubules) are the endocrine cells.
What do the Leydig cells produce?

What do the Sertoli cells produce?
Leydig (interstitial) cells produce testosterone.

Sertoli (sustentacular) cells produce estrogen.
Where are Sertoli and Leydig cells found?
Sertoli are found in the seminiferous tubules.

Leydig cells are found within the CT around the seminiferous tubules.
What are the capsules of the testes called? What kind of connective tissue are they made of?

What is it continuous with?
The testes are covered with dense irregular connective tissue called the tunica albuginea.

The tunica albuginea is continuous with the mediastinum testis and the septum penis.
What covers the tunica abluginea?

What is odd about this tissue covering the testes?
The tunica albuginea is covered with serosa, or visceral vaginal tunic.

The testicles aren't in a body cavity, so should technically be covered by adventitia; however, since the testicles originated within the abdominal cavity, they dragged the serosal peritoneum with them into the scrotum.
What sort of epithelium does the seminiferous tubules have?

What other cells make up this epithelium?
Stratified epithelium (or bi-stratified in the bull)

The stratified cells consist of sustentacular cells and varying stages of developing spermatozoa, which are separated by CT and interstitial cells.
What epithelium lines the rete testis?
Squamous, cuboidal, or columnar epithelium.
What do the seminiferous tubules radiate from and what do they continue as?
They radiate from the mediastinum testis and continue as straight tubules and passages of the rete testis.
How are primary spermatocytes differentiated in the sides of the sustentacular cells?
You can see the chromosomes.
How are sustentacular cells differentiated in slides of the seminiferous tubules?
They are "triangular" with the large, elongated nuclei.
How are sustentacular cells connected? Why?

What is this called?
Tight junctions over the spermatogonia protecting the developing spermatozoa the blood stream and attack by the body's immune system.

These tight junctions form the blood-testis barrier.
What are the functions of the Sertoli cells? (5)
1. Physical support of developing sperm.
2. Phagocytosis of cytoplasm eliminated during spermiogenesis.
3. Secretion of fructose-rich fluid which nourishes spermatozoa.
4. Blood-testis barrier
5. Synthesis of hormones (the endocrine function)
What is in the basal and adluminal compartments of the blood-testis barrier?
The spermatogenesis occurs in the luminal space between adjoining sustentacular cells. The tight junctions for the basal and adluminal spaces.

Basal - spermatogonia

Adluminal - the tubule lumen and intercellular spaces down to the level of the tight junctions.
What would a side effect of Sertoli tumors be?

What about Leydig Cell Tumors?
Sustentacular tumors: Development of female secondary sex characteristics.

Intersitial cell tumors: both males and females will become more aggressive.
What is the sequence of spermatogenesis?
Consists of spermatocytogenesis, meiosis, and spermiogenesis.

Spermatogonia to primary spermatocytes to secondary spermatocytes to spermatids to spermatozoa.
Where does spermatogenesis occur?

How can you histologically differentiate these areas?
Both the seminiferous tubules (for the production of the spermatozoa - spermatocytogenesis and meiosis) and the epididymus (for the maturation of the spermatozoa - spermiogenesis)

Histologically, the epididymus has no developing spermatozoa.
What are the three different "stages" of spermatogenesis?
Spermatocytogenesis (mitosis) - differentiation of spermatogonia (2n) to primary spermatocytes (2n)

Meiosis - 1' spermatocytes (2n) to 2' spermatocytes (1n)

Spermiogenesis - metamorphosis from spermatid into spermatozoa. Maturation of spermatozoa.
Describe the progression of the ductule system out of the testis
Seminiferous tubules (stratified epithelium) to straight ducts to rete testis (low cuboidal) to ductus efferens (intermittently ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium) to ductus epididymus (pseudostratified stereociliated columnar epithelium) to ductus deferens (pseudostratified columnar epithelium).
What is the function of the ductus epididymus?

Why are there diminishing amounts of stereocilia as you proceed distally in this duct?
Storage and maturation.

Because, the spermies are mature enough to move under their own power.
What is this male reproductive system slide of? What are the distinguishing features?
This is epididymus. You can see the defined circular smooth muscle around the duct and a center full of sperm.
What do we see here? What are the defining characteristics?
Epididymus.

The stereocilia differentiate it from the seminiferous tubules, as does the pseudostratified columnar epithelium instead stratified with spermatozoa in various stages of development. Here, the spermatozoa are in the lumen.

Circular smooth muscle is also distinct around this duct.
What accessory sex gland is found at the terminus of the ductus deferens?
The ampulla
What is this slide of the male reproductive system? What are its distinguishing characteristics?
The ductus deferens. The thick tunica muscularis is characteristic of it (the layers may be interdigitated). As are the lack of stereocilia, since the sperm can move on their own by now
Which of the accessory sex glands is located in all domestic species except dogs?
The bulbourethral gland.
What area of the prostate is dominant in small ruminants? Horses? Dogs and cats?
Small ruminants have only the diffuse (disseminate) part, the horse has only the compact part. The disseminate part is vestigeal in the dog and cat, but the compact part is very large and globular, and so well developed that it surrounds the urethra completely (dog) or nearly completely (cat).
What are the functions of the accessory sex glands?
Their serous and mucous secretions nourish and activate spermatozoa, clear the urethral tract before ejaculation, transport spermatozoa within the female tract and plug the vagina.
What male accessory sex organ is this? What species is it likely to be?
Shows prostatic body surrounding urethra. Canine
What is this? What species is it likely to be?
The prostatic urethra with disseminate glands showing. Canine.
What is this male reproductive tract slide of? What are the open spaces?
This is the prostatic urethra. You can see the tubuloalveolar glands of the disseminate prostate and the venous sinuses in the lamina propria of the erectile tissue
What male accessory sex gland tissue is this? What do the capsule and trabeculae consist of?
This is a canine prostate, so this is compact prostate. The capsule and trabecula (the septal extension of the capsule) are dense irregular CT.
What accessory sex gland is this tissue from? What type of exocrine gland is this (apocrine, holocrine, merocrine)?
It's from a canine prostate, The secretory tubules are apocrine, as can be seen by the blebs.
What are some of the changes that the musculature and epithelium of the penis undergoes as it moves from the pelvic cavity to the penile portion?
The pelvic urethra is lined by transitional epithelium and the tunica muscularis of the urinary bladder becomes skeletal muscle in the pelvic urethra. In the penile urethra the epithelium goes from transitional epithelium to stratified squamous epithelium in the terminal portion prior to the urethral opening. The tunica muscularis returns to smooth muscle and erectile tissue is present in the subepithelial CT.
What animals have fibrous or vascular penises?
Fibrous - swine and ruminants

Vascular - horses, carnivores, humans
What tissue is this? What areas can you id?
Cross-section through the
body of the canine penis. The
dorsal artery, vein, and nerve of the
penis are seen at the top of the figure.
The dense connective tissue that
surrounds and divides the erectile
body are the tunica albuginea and
septum penis, respectively. The
erectile body (corpus cavernosum
penis - ccp) is located on both sides
of the septum. Located ventrally are
the urethra, surrounded by the corpus
spongiosum penis (csp), and the
retractor penis muscle.

Remember to put "penis" behind everything.
Is the retractor penis smooth or striated muscle?
Smooth
What accessory sex gland tissue is this? What portions do you see?
This is the canine penis and shows the tunica albuginea penis surrounding the corpus cavernosum penis and the septum penis.
Which erectile body of the penis is this? What distinguishing features tell you so?
The smooth muscle and adipose tissue tell you that this is corpus cavernosum penis.

You can also see dense connective tissue trabecula (particularly on the left 1/5 of the slide) and anastomosing venous sinuses along the midline.
Which erectile tissue of the penis is this? How can you tell?
This is the corpus cavernosum penis. It's characterized by an abundance of smooth muscle which surround the cavernous sinuses, adipose tissue, and collagen fibers.
Which erectile tissue of the penis is shown in the upper center of this slide?
The corpus spongiosum penis.
Which erectile tissue of the penis is this? What's the opening in the center?
Corpus spongiosum penis surrounding the urethra.
What portion of the penis is this? What are the openings?
This is the glans penis. The large hole to the lower left is the urethra. The veins with the smooth muscle bundles in them are ... veins. The smooth muscle is bunched to allow for expansion in the event of an erection. The four vessels with the more basophilic endothelium are mucous glands (but those don't matter).
What type of vessel is this? What erectile tissue in the penis does this vessel reside in?
This is a helicine artery. It provides blood supply to the corpus cavernosum penis.