Micro Lecture Test 2

Front 1

what type of cells do viruses infect

Back 1

bacteria

algae

fungi

protozoa

plants

animals

Front 2

obligate intracellular parasites

Back 2

cannot multiply unless they invade a specific host cell and instruct its genetic and metabolic machinery

Front 3

characteristics of obligate intracellular parasites

Back 3

ubiquitous

not cells

are dependent

consist of protein coating(capsid)

DNA or RNA

Front 4

nucleocapsid

Back 4

nucleic acid

Front 5

naked virus

Back 5

consisting of only one nucleocapsid

Front 6

virion

Back 6

fully formed virus that is able to establish an infection

Front 7

capsomers

Back 7

constructed from protein from identical subunits; self assemble into capsids

Front 8

helical

Back 8

rod-shaped capsomer that bond together like a bracelet

Front 9

icosahedral

Back 9

3-dimensional, 20-sided figure with 12 evenly spaced corners

Front 10

complex capsids

Back 10

multiple types of proteins that that take shape but aren't symmetrical

ex: bacteriophage

Front 11

genome

Back 11

the sum total of the genetic information carried by an organism

Front 12

positive-sense RNA

Back 12

ready for immediate translation into proteins

Front 13

polymerase

Back 13

synthesizes DNA and RNA and replicases that copy of RNA

Front 14

reverse transcriptase

Back 14

synthesizing DNA from RNA

Front 15

life cycle of animal viruses

Back 15

adsorption

penetration

uncoating

synthesis

assembly

release

Front 16

host range

Back 16

the range of host it can infect

Front 17

endocytosis

Back 17

the entire virus is engulfed by the cell and enclosed in a vacuole or vesicle

Front 18

oncogenic

Back 18

20% of human cancers are caused by viruses

Front 19

bacteriophages

Back 19

make the bacteria they infect more pathogenic for humans

Front 20

lysogeny

Back 20

the host chromosome carries bacteriophage DNA

Front 21

in vivo

Back 21

inoculation of laboratory bred animals

Front 22

in vitro

Back 22

cell culture method

Front 23

plaque

Back 23

clear well defined patches in the cell sheet

Front 24

prion

Back 24

agents of disease

proteins with wrong shape

Front 25

viroids

Back 25

very small and being composed of naked strands of RNA

lacking a capsid or any coating

Front 26

macronutrients

Back 26

required in large quantities and play an important role in cell structure

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

Front 27

micronutrients

Back 27

involved in enzyme function and maintenance of protein structure

trace elements: manganese, zinc and nickel

Front 28

heterotroph

Back 28

must contain its carbon in an organic form; dependent on other life forms

Front 29

autotroph

Back 29

an organism that uses inorganic CO2 as its carbon source; not dependent on living things

Front 30

saprobes

Back 30

free-living microorganisms tat feed primarily on organic dertrius from the dead

Front 31

parasites

Back 31

derive nutrients from the cells or tissues of a living host

Front 32

diffusion

Back 32

molecules in continuous movement

Front 33

osmosis

Back 33

diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

Front 34

facilitated diffusion

Back 34

uses a carrier protein since the diffusion can not cross the membrane

Front 35

active transport

Back 35

transport of nutrients against the diffusion gradient or in the same direction

Front 36

mesophile

Back 36

organisms that grow at intermediate temperatures 20C - 40C

Front 37

thermophile

Back 37

a microbe that grows optimally at temperatures greater than 45C

45C - 80C

Front 38

mutualism

Back 38

obligatory dependent; both members benefit

Front 39

commensalism

Back 39

commensal benefits; other member not harmed

Front 40

synergism

Back 40

members cooperate and share nutrients

Front 41

antagonism

Back 41

some members are inhibited or destroyed by others