Micro Lecture Exam 4

Front 1

what is the difference between antibiotics and drugs?

Back 1

antibiotics are natural products of bacteria and fungi (a way to out compete each other)

drugs are lab-synthesize products

Front 2

what are characteristics of an effective antibiotic

Back 2

1. selective toxicity

2. no hypersensitivity (allergic reaction)

3. stay in body for a sufficient time

4. reach all body tissues

5. microbes not resistant to it

Front 3

what is the difference between broad and narrow spectrum?

Back 3

broad: affects a wide range of microbes, disrupts normal flora, growth of opportunistic pathogens can result in a superinfection

narrow: only affects select group of microorganisms, less harmful to normal flora

Front 4

what are the mechanisms of actions for antibiotics?

Back 4

interfere with cell wall (prevent peptidoglycan synthesis)

disrupts membranes

bind to ribosomes

denature proteins/interrupt protein synthesis

bind DNA

Front 5

which specific antibiotics interfere with cell wall (prevent peptidoglycan synthesis)?

Back 5

*

Front 6

which specific antibiotics disrupt membranes?

Back 6

*

Front 7

which specific antibiotics bind to ribosomes?

Back 7

*

Front 8

which specific antibiotics denature proteins/interfere with protein synthesis?

Back 8

*

Front 9

which specific antibiotics bind DNA?

Back 9

*

Front 10

Erythromycin is the drug of choice for__________.

Back 10

*

Front 11

Tetracyclines are the drug of choice for__________.

Back 11

*

Front 12

Chloramphenicol is the drug of choice for ___________.

Back 12

*

Front 13

what is pathogenicity?

Back 13

describes an organism's ability to generate disease, describes properties which allow an organism to generate disease

Front 14

what is virulence?

Back 14

describes the degree of pathogenicity/invasion & damage to host tissues/toxigenicity &/or invasiveness

Front 15

what is symbiosis? what are the different types?

Back 15

2 organisms living closely together

commensalism, mutualism, parasitism

Front 16

what is commensalism?

Back 16

1 organism benefits, the other is not harmed/nor do they benefit

Front 17

what is mutualism?

Back 17

both organisms benefit

Front 18

what is parasitism?

Back 18

1 benefits at the expense of the other

Front 19

what is prevalence?

Back 19

total # of cases with respect to the entire population

[(total # of cases) / (total population)] x 100 = ____%

Front 20

what is incidence?

Back 20

the # of new cases in the healthy population

[(total # of new cases) / (# of healthy people)] = ratio

Front 21

what is mortality?

Back 21

death rate; how many people die

Front 22

what is morbidity?

Back 22

how many get sick

Front 23

what is morbidity rate?

Back 23

# of people dead in a given period

Front 24

what is an endemic?

Back 24

steady frequency of a disease over a long period of time in a specific geographic region

Front 25

what is an epidemic?

Back 25

prevalence of an endemic/sporadic disease is increasing in a population

Front 26

what is a pandemic?

Back 26

spread of epidemic across continents

Front 27

what is sporadic?

Back 27

occasional cases of a disease reported at irregular intervals in unpredictable locations

Front 28

what is zoonosis?

Back 28

animal disease that is naturally transmitted to humans -- requires a close association for transfer

Front 29

what are mechanical vectors?

Back 29

*

Front 30

what are biological vectors?

Back 30

*

Front 31

what is a fomite?

Back 31

inanimate objects that can harbor infectious organisms

Front 32

what is size of inoculum?

Back 32

the # of cells/virons/worms/etc. required to cause infection -- varies based on host resistance & virulence of pathogen

Front 33

what is LD50?

Back 33

lethal dose: describes # of cells required to kill 50% of people exposed to it

Front 34

what is ID50?

Back 34

infective dose: # of cells (microbes) needed to infect 50% of people exposed to it

Front 35

what is a nosocomial infection?

Back 35

a hospital borne infection

Front 36

what is lysozyme? where do you find it?

Back 36

enzyme that breaks down the cell wall of Gram (+) bacteria and some Gram (-) bacteria.

it is found in tears, saliva, perspiration, and nasal secretions

Front 37

what are hapten?

Back 37

molecules that are too small to stimulate a response by themselves

Front 38

what is an infectious disease?

Back 38

over 1/2 of all diseases are infectious, caused by pathogenic organisms

Front 39

what is a congenital disease?

Back 39

it is present at birth, arises from some condition in the uterus

Front 40

what is a metabolic disease?

Back 40

it is a result of abnormal biochemistry

Front 41

what is a degenerative disease?

Back 41

gradual loss of body function

Front 42

what is a neoplastic disease?

Back 42

causes tumors, both benign and malignant

Front 43

what is an immunologic disease?

Back 43

autoimmune disease, body's own immune system attacks tissues

Front 44

what is port of entry?

Back 44

pathway into the inside of the body (skin, GI tract, respiratory tract, urogenital tract)

Front 45

what is port of exit?

Back 45

pathway outside of body (respiratory/salivary, open skin, feces, urogenital discharge, blood/body fluids)

Front 46

what is epidemiology?

Back 46

the Frequency and Distribution of Disease and other health-related problems in human populations

track down causative agents, discover/define pathologies, discover sources and modes of transmission, examine #s and distributions of disease in a community

Front 47

what are human and animal reservoirs?

Back 47

carriers, asymptomatic carriers

Front 48

what is a carrier?

Back 48

individuals that harbor a pathogen and spread it to others

Front 49

what is an asymptomatic carrier?

Back 49

an infected person with no symptoms of the disease (includes incubation carriers, convalescent carrier, passive carrier, chronic carrier)

Front 50

what is the first line of defense?

Back 50

*

Front 51

what is the second line of defense?

Back 51

*

Front 52

what are the events of bacterial infection?

Back 52

*

Front 53

what is naturally acquired active immunity?

Back 53

*

Front 54

what is naturally acquired passive immunity?

Back 54

*

Front 55

what is artificially acquired active immunity?

Back 55

*

Front 56

what is artificially acquired passive immunity?

Back 56

*

Front 57

when and where does the immune system develop?

Back 57

*

Front 58

what are the different types of antigens?

Back 58

*

Front 59

what is the most potent type of antigen?

Back 59

*

Front 60

what is the host response to antigens?

Back 60

*

Front 61

what are the functions of antibodies? what do they do?

Back 61

1. increase phagocytosis

2. interfere with antigen activity

3. cause lysis of foreign cells

4. cause agglutination

Front 62

what is opsonization?

Back 62

antibody makes surface of an antigen rough so macrophage can attach easier

Front 63

what are the classes of antibodies?

Back 63

IgG

IgE

IgA

IgM

IgD

MADGE

Front 64

which can cross the placenta?

Back 64

IgG

Front 65

tell me about IgG

Back 65

high concentrations (75% of serum)

monomeric

evenly distributed between intravascular and extravascular pools

only class to cross the placenta!! - naturally acquired passive immunity

second to appear in response to an antigen

Front 66

tell me about IgE

Back 66

very low concentrations --> increases during allergic reactions

stick to and sensitize basophils

associate with Type I immediate hypersensitivities and immune response to helminth diseases

Front 67

tell me about IgA

Back 67

15% of serum Igs

usually dimeric

found in secretions: milk, tears, saliva, perspiration, nasal fluids, genitourinary and seromucous secretions of lungs and intestines

Front 68

tell me about IgM

Back 68

Monster sized

10% of normal serum

pentameric!

too big to get out of blood to extracellular spaces or cross the placenta

first to appear in response to an antigen

activates the complement

Front 69

tell me about IgD

Back 69

less than 1% of serum

may plan a role in antigen processing by B-cells

exact function not yet clear

Front 70

Addison's disease

Back 70

*

Front 71

Crohn's disease

Back 71

*

Front 72

Graves' disease

Back 72

*

Front 73

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Back 73

*

Front 74

CJD

Back 74

*

Front 75

vCJD

Back 75

*

Front 76

Kuru

Back 76

*