Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
202 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What does DNA stand for?
|
deoxyribonucleic acid
|
|
|
What does ATP stand for?
|
adenosine triphosphate
|
|
|
What is a nucleoside?
|
A base with a sugar added onto it (usually ribose or deoxyribose)
|
|
|
Name the steps of the central dogma
|
1) Replication 2) transcription 3) translation
|
|
|
What is the central dogma
|
DNA is replicated in the cell, transcribed into RNA, then translated into proteins
|
|
|
What is an operon
|
More than 1 gene’s worth of info transcribed into 1 strand of mRNA.
|
|
|
What domains are operons in?
|
Prokarya and archaea
|
|
|
Name the pyrimidines
|
Cytosine, Thymine and Uracil
|
|
|
Name the purines
|
Adenine and Guanine
|
|
|
What is DNA made of
|
Nucleotides, sugar, and phosphate
|
|
|
What is a polymer
|
Made up of repeating subunits
|
|
|
What is a biopolymer
|
Made up of repeating subunits from living things
|
|
|
How many bonds are between C and G
|
3
|
|
|
How many bonds are between A and T
|
2
|
|
|
When nucleotide bonds are broken, what is created
|
energy
|
|
|
Sugars in the RNA have a what at the second H?
|
Hydroxyl group
|
|
|
What do you do to a nucleotide to make it a nucleoside?
|
Take off phosphate group
|
|
|
What is the structure of DNA
|
Double stranded helix
|
|
|
What is DNA held together by?
|
Complimentary base pairs
|
|
|
The backbone of DNA is formed with what?
|
Repeating units of sugar and phosphates
|
|
|
DNA runs like this
|
Antiparallel
|
|
|
Phosphodiester bond is located where?
|
On 3rd hydrogen
phospates connected to nucleotides |
|
|
What is located on the 5’ end of DNA?
|
Phosphate
|
|
|
What is located on the 3’ end of DNA?
|
Hydroxyl
|
|
|
How many bases per spiral of the DNA?
|
10.4
|
|
|
Why are DNA cells under wound?
|
Get DNA molecule into the cell and prevent bunching
|
|
|
In one turn of under wound DNA there are this many base pairs.
|
12-13
|
|
|
What is the composition of a bacterial nucleoid?
|
50-% protein and 50%DNA
|
|
|
What supercoils DNA?
|
Topoisomerases
|
|
|
What is Topoisomerases?
|
Topo=shape.
Isomer=same chemical formula. Changes shape of molecule without changing the DNA |
|
|
What is a Genome?
|
All the genes in a cell or virus (exception, some viruses are RNA not DNA)
|
|
|
List the Genetic Elements
|
Chromosomes, Plasmids (extra chromosomal DNA), Viral Genomes (40% of DNA in our cells is left over from viruses), Transposable elements (genes that “hop”, little parasitic genes that jump), Mitochondrial or Chloroplast DNA (Eukaryote, these are bacteria being held hostage in a cell, they have their own DNA).
|
|
|
Who discovered jumping genes
|
Barbara McClintock
|
|
|
What does DNA being semi conservative mean?
|
Copying of DNA where one stand is conserved from the parent moleculre, and the other is newly synthesized
|
|
|
What do you need for DNA replication?
|
Helicase (unzips DNA),
Single strand binding protein (Keeps DNA apart), Ligase (on lagging strand to fill in last bond), DNA Polymerase I and III, primase (makes primer), Nucleotides, template (takes one to make one) |
|
|
What do you need for transcription?
|
RNA polymerase (does transcription),
Promoter (on template), made of nucleotides Sigma Factor (binds to RNA polymerase to find promoter and initiation site) |
|
|
What do you need for translation?
|
mRNA, tRNA, Amino Acids, Aminoaceyl tRNA synthetases (puts AA on tRNA’s), ribosomes, release factors
|
|
|
What do you need for DNA synthesis?
|
5’ to 3’, primer, template, monomers=nucleotides, enzymes, primase, DNA polymerases I and III
|
|
|
Why is there no energy requirement for DNA synthesis?
|
All nucleotides are high energy compounds (2 phosphates are broken off=high energy when new nucleotide is added
|
|
|
What is a primer in DNA synthesis?
|
Starts DNA synthesis, and is made of RNA
|
|
|
-What direction does primer go?
|
5’ to 3’
|
|
|
What is Theta Bidirectional Replication?
|
The way the DNA is replicated is in both directions opposite one another
|
|
|
What shape is a bacterial chromosome?
|
Circular
|
|
|
What enzyme breaks DNA strands?
|
Helicase enzyme (uses ATP)
|
|
|
What keeps DNA strands separated?
|
Single-stranded binding protein coated on the helicase
|
|
|
What lays down DNA primer?
|
Primase
|
|
|
What is the major DNA replicating enzyme?
|
DNA polymerase III
|
|
|
What does DNA polymerase III do?
|
Bumps off the single-stranded binding protein
|
|
|
Which way is the lagging strand synthesized?
|
5' to 3'
|
|
|
What are the small fragments that make up the lagging strand?
|
Okazaki Fragments
|
|
|
DNA polymerase III does what to lagging strand?
|
Makes it grow
|
|
|
What does DNA polymerase I do?
|
Chews out RNA primers to stop synthesis
|
|
|
What does DNA ligase do?
|
Finds gap between DNA and binds the gap
|
|
|
Basically what is transcription?
|
DNA is turned into RNA
|
|
|
RNA polymerase does what?
|
Make RNA
|
|
|
What is sigma factor?
|
in recognition of promoter and initiation site (finds genes when it binds to the RNA polymerase)
|
|
|
What does a promoter do?
|
Promotes transcription of genes. Tells where genes are, tells which strand and how often to transcribe
|
|
|
What are the steps of transcription:
|
1) Initiation 2) Elongation 3) Termination (RNA polymerase detaches at termination site)
|
|
|
What happens during elongation of transcription?
|
once RNA binds to promoter, sigma falls off. RNA synthesis occurs 5’ to 3’
|
|
|
How many bases are in 1 amino acid
|
3
|
|
|
What direction is mRNA read?
|
5’ to 3’
|
|
|
What is the average size of a protein?
|
300 amino acids
|
|
|
Are promoters transcribed?
|
No, they are a bind site
|
|
|
How many codons total are there in the genetic code?
|
64 (3 are stop codons)
|
|
|
What is the start codon and what does it encode for?
|
AUG, Methionine
|
|
|
What does the codon in mRNA code for?
|
An Amino Acid
|
|
|
tRNA binds to a codon with what?
|
An Anticodon, binds from 3’ to 5’
|
|
|
What is the enzyme in tRNA?
|
Aminoacyl
|
|
|
What are the steps of translation?
|
1) initiation (ribosome assembles on 5’ end, this step is where reading frame is set 2) elongation (AA’s are hooked together with peptide bonds to produce a protein 3) termination
|
|
|
what is a nick in then DNA strand?
|
a break in a phosphodiester bond of one strand.
|
|
|
In the replication fork, what breaks strands apart?
|
Helicase
|
|
|
In the replication fork, what holds the strands apart?
|
Single-Stranded binding protein
|
|
|
In the replication fork, what is the major DNA replicating enzyme
|
DNA Polymerase III
|
|
|
In the replication fork, what bumps off the single stranded binding protein?
|
DNA Polymerase III
|
|
|
In the replication fork, what makes the lagging strand grow?
|
DNA Polymerase III
|
|
|
In the replication fork, what does primase do?
|
Lays down DNA Primer
|
|
|
In the replication fork, what does primer do?
|
Initiation of DNA synthesis which lets things bind to it so synthesis can begin
|
|
|
In the replication fork, what binds the gap on the lagging strand?
|
DNA ligase
|
|
|
In the replication fork, what chews out the RNA primers?
|
DNA Polymerase I
|
|
|
In the replication fork, what jumps on after DNA Polymerase III jumps off?
|
DNA Polymerase I
|
|
|
What makes RNA for transcription
|
RNA Polymerase
|
|
|
the enzyme that puts the correct amino acid on the correct tRNA
|
Aminoacyl tRNA Synthetases
|
|
|
There are how many Ribosomal Binding sites for tRNA
|
3
|
|
|
Name the Sites for the tRNA binding sites
|
A= acceptor
p= peptide e= exit |
|
|
Translation by several ribosomes on a single messenger RNA are called this
|
polysomes
|
|
|
What is biotechnology?
|
using a living organism to produce a product or run a process
|
|
|
using a living organism to produce a product or run a process is called what?
|
biotechnology
|
|
|
the definition of a mutation
|
a heritable change in the DNA sequence of an organism
|
|
|
definition of Genetic recombination
|
process by which part or all of the DNA sequences from two separate sources are joined together
|
|
|
process by which part or all of the DNA sequences from two separate sources are joined together
|
Genetic recombination
|
|
|
movement of DNA from one bacterium to another by transfomation, transduction, or conjugation
|
Genetic Transfer
|
|
|
what is genetic transfer?
|
movement of DNA from one bacterium to another by transfomation, transduction, or conjugation
|
|
|
what are mutations
|
heritable changes in DNA
|
|
|
what are mutants
|
strains that harbor mutations
|
|
|
strains that harbor mutations
|
mutanats
|
|
|
what is genotype?
|
genetic makeup of a strain or DNA sequence
|
|
|
what is a phenotype?
|
observable characteristic
|
|
|
in nomenclature of bacteria, how is a gene represented?
|
lowercase italics
|
|
|
in nomenclature of bacteria, how is a protein represented?
|
Capital first letter, non-italic
|
|
|
in nomenclature of bacteria, how is a genotype represented?
|
lowercase italics, the last letter tells you where the mutation is
|
|
|
in nomenclature of bacteria, how is a phenotype represented?
|
Capital first letter, non-italics, - tells you it doesn't make its own, +tells you it does make its own
|
|
|
what do r and s stand for in phenotypic nomenclature?
|
resistant and sensitive
|
|
|
What is screening?
|
growing all bacteria, but mutants have an identifiable characteristic
|
|
|
what is selection?
|
only the desired strain grows
|
|
|
what is an auxotroph
|
mutant that requires an organic growth factor
|
|
|
what is a drug-resistant mutant
|
grows in the presence of the toxin
|
|
|
what is a temperature sensitive mutant
|
fails to grow at high temps
|
|
|
what is a cold sensitive mutant
|
fails to grow at low temps
|
|
|
what is replica plating?
|
done by joshua and ester lederberg, it's transferring colonies exactly from one plate to another
|
|
|
what did the lederbergs invent?
|
replica plating
|
|
|
how do you isolate auxotrophs
|
replica plating (done by lederbergs)
|
|
|
describe samesense mutation
|
change in DNA sequence doesn't change the protein
|
|
|
change in DNA sequence doesn't change the protein
|
samesense mutation
|
|
|
when an amino acid is changed to a different amino acid in a protein
|
missense mutation
|
|
|
describe missense mutation
|
when an amino acid is changed to a different amino acid which codes for a different protein
|
|
|
describe nonsense mutation
|
an amino acid is changed and a stop codon is produced
|
|
|
an amino acid is changed and a stop codon is produced
|
nonsense mutation
|
|
|
what are types of frameshift mutations
|
insertion and deletion and nonsense
|
|
|
what is reversion
|
changing the mutant genotype back to wild-type
|
|
|
changing the mutant genotype back to wild-type is called this
|
reversion
|
|
|
what is suppression
|
when a second mutation changes the phenotype of a mutant back to wild-type. 2nd mutation can occur in the same gene as the first or in a different gene
|
|
|
when a second mutation changes the phenotype of a mutant back to wild-type. 2nd mutation can occur in the same gene as the first or in a different gene, it is called this
|
suppression
|
|
|
mutagens do this
|
increase the frequency and variety of mutation
|
|
|
3 types of mutagens include
|
chemicals, radiation, and mobile genetic elements
|
|
|
what is a base analog mutation
|
mutation in base pairs. molecules that resemble DNA bases in structure but display faulty pairing properties
(EXAMPLE) 5-Bromouracil |
|
|
what is an alkylator mutation
|
induce mutations at high frequencies
|
|
|
what is an intercalator mutation
|
insert between 2 base pairs and push them apart, causes a frameshift
|
|
|
what is a pyrimidine dimer
|
when 2 pyrimidines become covalently bonded on the same strand of DNA
|
|
|
when 2 pyrimidines become covalently bonded on the same strand of DNA it is called this
|
pyrimidine dimer
|
|
|
what does ionizing radiation do
|
breaks sugar phosphate backbone
|
|
|
Mobile Genetic elements are these
|
biological mutagens, enzyme is transponsase
|
|
|
test that determines if chemicals are mutagens (carcinogens)
|
Ames test
|
|
|
what is recombination
|
the physical exchange between 2 genetic elements, important in DNA repair, evolution, enzyme is DNase, rec A protein is present
|
|
|
the physical exchange between 2 genetic elements is called this
|
recombination
|
|
|
bacterial transformation was done by this man
|
Griffith
|
|
|
Griffith did this
|
transformation of bacteria
|
|
|
what does transformation need
|
single-stranded binding protein,
recA |
|
|
proofreading of DNA is done by this
|
DNA polymerases I and III
|
|
|
what enzyme can cut the pyrimidine primer apart
|
photolysase
|
|
|
what is a plasmid
|
an extrachromosomal DNA, replicates independently, no extracellular form, free inside cell
|
|
|
conjugation was discovered by
|
the lederbergs
|
|
|
the origin or chromosome replication is called, and where DNA start to move from male to female is called
|
oriC
mob site |
|
|
what is oriC
|
origin of chromosome replication
|
|
|
what is the mob site
|
site where DNA starts to move from male to female
|
|
|
name of the result of conjugation
|
transconjugant
|
|
|
what is a transconjugant
|
result of conjugation
|
|
|
crossing over research was done by
|
barbara mcclintock
|
|
|
barbara mcclintock researched this
|
crossing over and recombination
|
|
|
the shape of a capsid of bacteriophage
|
icosohedral
|
|
|
what does lytic mean
|
kills cell
|
|
|
what does lysogenic mean
|
has the ability to kill or lay dormant, has a choice
|
|
|
what is induction?
|
when a virus goes out of prophage state and goes through the lytic cycle
|
|
|
when a virus goes out of prophage state and goes through the lytic cycle what is it called?
|
induction
|
|
|
the enzyme of bacteriophage integration
|
intergrase
|
|
|
these are infectious proteins, and have no nucleic acid
|
prions
|
|
|
what are prions
|
infectious proteins, and have no nucleic acid
|
|
|
what are introns?
|
a piece of junk dna that are spliced out in eukaryotes
|
|
|
high frequency recombination is what?
|
male cell (F+), plasmid is transferred into chromosomal dna (which makes it Hfr male) and when it conjugates with female, it only passes on portion of own dna, and is incorpoated into female's dna but is not enough to make female a male
|
|
|
transposon
|
a sequence of dna that moves around genomes in the cell, has more genetic material attached to it. insertion sequences only have one piece of genetic material
|
|
|
what are mobile genetic elements
|
biological mutagens consisting of transposons, insertion sequences, and some weird viruses
|
|
|
Describe the Ames test
|
put His- on plate of minimal media and needs to produce His to grow, colonies show spontaneous mutation and those are mutants that have produced His.
|
|
|
results of a dimer
|
covalent bond between T and T which is caused by UV light
|
|
|
what is photolyase
|
breaking covalent bond between T and T by using blue light
|
|
|
what is photoreactivation
|
the process of using photolyase to destroy dimer
|
|
|
what is an auxotroph
|
organism that can't produce something it needs for growth
|
|
|
what is a prototroph
|
technically a wild-type. can make everything it needs
|
|
|
recombination requires what
|
system of enzymes
can only occur between dna sequences that are highly similar, and it speeds up evolution |
|
|
bacteriocins
|
compounds excreted by a bacterium that inhibits or kills closely related organisms
|
|
|
what is a polysome
|
more than one ribosome translating mRNA
|
|
|
what is translocation
|
when a ribosome moves 3 bases forward after the anticodon has read that protein
|
|
|
name in sequence the steps of replication.
|
helicase binds, unwinds, single-stranded binding protein keeps strands seperated, dna polymerase III is creating new nucleotides, on lagging strand, RNA primer is laid down to start DNA synthesis, DNA polymerase III makes new nucleotides, DNA polymerase I fills gap and chews off primer , and DNA ligase binds gap together
|
|
|
name sequence of transcription
|
initiation: when RNA polymerase binds to promoter, sigma factor shows where to bind to primer
elongation:makes RNA and creates complimentary base pairs, use U for T termination: stops making RNA, jumps off DNA and leaves newly synthesized strand |
|
|
what is rNTP
|
ribonucleosidetriphosphate
makes RNA |
|
|
what is dNTP
|
deoxynucleosidetriphosphate
makes DNA |
|
|
what are the only enzymes that require energy (ATP)
|
helicase and DNA ligase
|
|
|
what connect okazaki fragments that fill in with DNA ligase?
|
phosphodiestor bonds
|
|
|
What are the three mutagens?
|
chemical
radiation mobile genetic elements |
|
|
what is a nucleoside
|
a sugar and a base ((NO PHOSPHATE))
|
|
|
what is a nucleotide
|
a sugar, base, and phosphate ((PHOSPHATES CONTAIN HIGH ENERGY BONDS))
|
|
|
where would you find a tata box
|
promoter during transcription
|
|
|
what is a prophage
|
a virus that is inside the host cell and is latent (dormant)
|
|
|
what are the things required for a plasmid
|
extrachromosomal dna
replicates independently no essential genes |
|
|
what is the morphology of a plasmid
|
generally circular
has an origin of replication (has a mob site if capable of conjugation) |
|
|
what does topoisomerases do
|
supercoils DNA
|
|
|
what are the sequential steps of translation
|
initiation: ribosomes assemble and reading frame is set
Elongation: AA are hooked together to produce a protein (translocation is here) Termination:3 release factors that tell ribosome to fall off |
|
|
what do viruses require?
|
replicate independently of the chromosome
require a host cell can exist outside the host cell as a virion |
|
|
what is a virion
|
virus particle
|
|
|
what is a retrovirus
|
taking RNA and making DNA
|
|
|
what is taking RNA and making DNA
|
retrovirus
|
|
|
what is the name of the capsid of a virus
|
icosohedral (20 sides)
|
|
|
what is the morphology of a virus
|
capsid
contractile tail base plate tail fibers |
|
|
what are the steps of bacteriophage replication?
|
attachment
penetration virus enzymes synthesized nucleic acid replication synthesis of protein coats assembly and packaging release (lysis) mature virus particles |
|
|
what does it mean if you have a cloudy plaque
|
host cell is not completely killed
|
|
|
lytic virus means this
|
always kills host
|
|
|
lysogenic virus means this
|
choice to kill or stay latent
|
|
|
prophage virus means this
|
inside cell
|
|
|
lysogen means this
|
harboring a prophage
|
|
|
when virus goes from prophage to lysogenic stage, it is called this
|
induction
|
|
|
what is the enzyme of bacteriophage integration
|
integrase
|
|
|
prions are this
|
infectious proteins
|
|
|
characteristics of prions
|
infectious proteins
heat resistant can exist outside host |
|
|
what are viroids
|
small single stranded RNA molecules (cause a number of plant diseases)
no capsid no genes |
