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79 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is the most widely distributed organism in the biosphere
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bacti
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what is the kohler illumination technigque
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stage down
diaphragm closed condensor closed fuzzy hexagon focus sharp fill light source |
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what are the pros and cons of fluorescent microscope
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distinguish more
bad uses hg lamp --> dangerous |
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what is quenching
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when the fluorescence diminishes
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what does parfocal mean
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focus at low will stay focused at high
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t or f. resolving power = magnification
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NO depends on wavelenth lith and condensor
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define resolving power
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ability to distinguish two objects as separates
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what is the advantage and disadvantage of phase contrast
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good can see live cells
bad can't stain so low contrast |
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what is the purpose of a smear
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adhere the sample to the slide so that it is not lost in the stain
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what is a simple stain and how does it work
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only one color
dye has color bearing ions that adhere to negative bacteria |
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what is a chromophore
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color ions in a simple stain
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what are the steps of the gram stain procedure
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none
CV GI EtOH Saf |
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what is the primary stain
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crystal violet
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what is teh counterstain
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safranin
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if a bacti has thick pep and an outer membrane will it be + or -
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+ because of thick layer that traps the CV iodine complex
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give examples of aseptic technique
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etoh bench
wash hands wear gloves sterilizing equip cone of sterility no talking media covered flame the lid |
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define pure culture
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a singel type of organism present
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what are the layers of winogradsky
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water
AC algae cyanobacteria light brown zone red zone red/purple zone green zone black zone |
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what might grow in the light brown zone
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chemotrophic bacti
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what might grow in the red zone
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non sulfur bacti
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what would grow in the red purple zone
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phototropic purple
suflur bacti |
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what would grow in the green zone
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phototrophic green sulfur
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what would grow in the black zone
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cellulose digesters
sulfur reducing bacti |
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what does the column represent
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model ecosystem
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draw quad A B radiant and continuous
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1 2 3 4 lines
1 2 3 4 swirls radiant one way lines other way lines continuous gwo sets of continuous to middle |
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for which one do you NOT use a flame
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on continuous
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given an aerobic MO can alcohol fermentation occur and why
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in presence of o2 oxidative phosphorylation
in anaerobic conditions pyruvate to alcohol co2 and lactic acid |
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what are five types of selective and idffernetial media
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tryptic soy agar TSA
hektoen enteric agar macconkey agar mannitol salt agar MSA blood agar |
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what is TSA for
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general all purpose. wide variety of bacti includes fastidious
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what does hektoen enteric agar do
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selective and diff
bile salts inhibit G+ lactose fermenters are pink or yellow or non lactose fermenters are blue or green with H2S production |
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what does macconkey agar do
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s and d
bild salts inibit + lactose and neutral show fermenters pink and non colorless |
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what does MSA do
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selective and diff
halophies mannitol fermentation bright yellow |
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what is blood agar
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differential ONLY
based on hemolytic acitivity |
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what do alpha beta gamma hemolysis mean
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alpha incomplete
beta complete gamma no reaction |
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why is UV light bad
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causes pyrimidine dimers
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why would gram + be better for UV light
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thick pep layer
sporulate |
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define antiseptic
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chemical agents that can be applied to tissue to prevent infection
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what are three examples of antisetpcis
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ehtanol
iodine bleach |
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what are three antibiotics
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ampicillin
vancomycin tetracycline |
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what does ampicillin do
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affects + and - by inhibiting transpeptidase leading to cell lysing
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what does vancomycin do
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last resort attacks gp be preventing nam nag attachment so can't form cell wall
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what does tetracycline do
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binds to 30s subunit of ribosom preventing trana and thus protein synthesis. good for broad spectrum
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what is uv light
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40 to 400
260 is worst because max abs b DNA |
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what are three methods of repair from UV
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sos system enxymatically removes dimers
photoactivation repair excision repair endonuclease cuts bad and DNA pol I corrects and ligase pathcdes |
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what are the four bacti temp classifications
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psychorphiles
mesophile thermophile hyperthermophile |
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define antibiotic
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chemotherapeutic agent of low MW produced by mo that kill or inhibit other mo
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what is synthetics
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chemically synth in lab
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what is the kirby bauer method
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tests antibiotics via zone of inhibition
mueller hinton II agar pH 7.2 to 7.4 4 mm thick cotton swab high potency disk |
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what is the purpose of PCR
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polymerase chain reaction
amplification of in vitro DNA |
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what are the steps of PCR
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denature at 95
annel primers to DNA at 65 elongation at 72 repeat x30 |
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what primers did we use
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F27
1492 R for the 16 s region at about 1600 base pairs |
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what is in the PCR supermix
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template DNA
primers foward and release taq polymerase ecess dNTPs pH buffer |
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what happens in elongation
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DNA pol binds to free 3 prime OH and begin syntehsis
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how does gel electrophoresis
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separates moleucles baesd on their size wit the help of a current
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how does dna purification work
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removes all unneccessary components such as salts additional unused primers excess dNTPs leaving only amplified na
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what are two methods of purification
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montage pcr
exosapit |
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what is montage pcr purification column
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membrane traps dna and lets everything else through
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what is the exosapit system
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exonuclease I degrades residual ss primers and other ss dna products
shrimp alkaline phosphatase removes excess dNTPs leaving only ds amplified product for sequencing |
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what is blast
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basic local alignment search tool
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what are three methods of genetic exchange
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transformation
conjugation transduction |
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what is required for transformation
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competent cell
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what are two types of transformation
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natural
artifical |
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what are two methods of inducing competency
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electroporation
chanign ionic strength |
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how did we make competent
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heat shock
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what is on the pgreen plasmid
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amp resistance
gfp green fluroescent protein ori |
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conjugation requires...
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cell to cell contact
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conjugation occurs from F_ to F_
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+ to -
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where should things grow
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LB+ opaque mostly and some green
LB+ amp green only LB- opaque LB-amp no growth |
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which lab was conugation and which was transformation
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conjugation was ecoli on R plates
transformation was pgreen on LB plates |
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what are the three steps of bacteriological examination of water
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presumptive
confirmed completed |
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define coliform
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a gram neg facultative anaerobic non endosport forming rod capable of fermenting lactose to produce acid and gas in 48 hours
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ecoli is a good indicator of...
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fecal matter
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why is ecoli a good test
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easily ID
not fastidious survives in h2o for a while |
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what were we looking for in the presumptive procedure
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gas production via fermetnation of lactose
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what is transduction
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mode of genetic exchange requires viral phage like t4
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what is the snyder caries susceptibility test
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tooth decay caused by an increase in lactic acid produced by streg mutans fermenting sugars
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tooth decay or enamel decalcification begins at pH....
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5.5
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what three metals did we test for toxicity
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aluminum
cadmium lead |
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what was the most toxic metal
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lead most
cd least |
