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400 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How many cases per year are there of Diphtheria in the USA?
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Less than 5 cases per year
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Which disease was once one of the most feared disease but today we have almost eliminated today?
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Diphtheria
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What is the organism that is responsible for causing diphtheria?
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Corynebacterium Diphtheriae
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What is the shape of the Corynebacterium Diphtheriae?
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Club shaped
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Corynebacterium Diphtheriae is gram ____ palisading bacteria?
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C. Diphtheriae is a gram positive bacteria
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What do the cells of corynebacterium Diphtheriae contain?
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Metachromatic Granules
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The colonies of C. Diphtheriae are ______ _______ on tellurite media?
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The colonies are Black Shiny
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Where are the most common sites C. Diphtheriae found in the body?
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C. Diphtheriae is usually found in the Upper Respiratory Tract, Urinary Tract, and on the Skin
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C. Diphtheriae has a _______ phage?
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It has a Lysogenized phage
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What determines the pathogenicity of C. Diphtheriae?
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The Lysogenized phage coupled with the Beta Prophage
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How is C. Diphtheriae transmitted?
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It is transmitted by Droplet route.
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What can carry the C. Diphtheriae organism?
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Food, Milk, and people
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How long after contraction of C. Diphtheriae organism will the patient start to show infection?
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2-4 days
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What can be seen in the Throat/pharynx that can be indicative of a C. Diphtheriae infection?
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A thick leathry structure (pseudomembrane)
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What causes the pseudomembrane found with a C. Diphtheriae infections?
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necrosis and fibrin that have combined
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If someone has a pseudomembrane in the throat caused by a C. Diphtheriae infection what should the doctor/patient be most worried about?
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The pseudomembrane causing a block of the airway that can cause suffocation and death
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Other than psuedomembrane what else can the toxins in C. Diphtheriae cause?
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The toxins can damage the heart, kidneys, and CNS
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What is the most serious symptom of a C. Diphtheriae infection?
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a Pseudomembrane that has blocked off the airway
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What is the treatment for a Diphtheria infection?
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It is treated by Artificial Passive Therapy
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What can save a life if started immediately after the diagnosis of Diphtheria?
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The Antitoxin therapy
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What would be a secondary treatment for a Diphtheria infection?
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Antibiotic Therapy
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What are the two antibiotic drugs used to secondarly treat a Diphtheria infection?
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Erythromycin or Clindamycin
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What can be used to prevent a Diphtheria infection?
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The DPT vaccine
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When is the best time to give someone the DPT vaccine?
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During childhood
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Once given the DPT vaccine how long can the immunity last?
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It usually gives a Life Long Immunity
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What was used in the past to determine immunity status and hypersensitivity to the toxoid injection?
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The Schick Test
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When the Schick Test was used for Diphtheria infections what was generally used?
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Both arms are usually used
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What is used in the Schick test?
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The toxoid in one arm and in the other arm the toxin is injected
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What is the pahogenic determinant in Diphtheria?
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An Exotoxin with 2 components A and B linked by a disulfide bond
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What is the relative size of the exotoxin in Diphtheria
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The exotoxin is relatively large
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How many cases and deaths were reported in 1940 due to diphtheria?
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46,281 cases
2,840 deaths |
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In what year were there the most cases of diphtheria reported?
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1941 there were 50,797 cases
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How many cases and deaths were reported in 1973 due to diphteria?
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2 cases
0 deaths |
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When was one of the first years to only show a double digit number of deaths due to Diphtheria?
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1951 there were only 33 reported deaths due to diphtheria
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What will give the highest survival rate when treating a Diphtheria infection?
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Antitoxin therapy started as soon as possible
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Haemophilus/Hemophilus is a gram _____ organism?
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It is a Gram Negative
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What is the shape of Haemophilus/Hemophilus?
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It is a plump rod
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Is Haemophilus/Hemophilus capsulated or not capsulated?
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It is Capsulated
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What Haemophilus species is the most common human invader?
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Haemophilus influenzae
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What haemophilus species can be mistaken as an influenza agent?
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H. Influenzae
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How many species of Haemophilus/Hemophilus are known?
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There are many known (unknown to us)
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What does the word Fastidious mean?
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Difficult to grow
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What is required for the cultivation of a Haemophilus organism?
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Factors X and V
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What makes up factor X as an agent that helps cultivate a Haemophilus agent?
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Factor X is made of a blood product (Hemin)
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What makes up factor V as an agent that helps cultivate a Haemophilus agent?
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Factor V is made of NADP or NAD
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Will or wont Aegyptius (pink eye) cause blindness?
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It will not cause blindness
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Where was Aegyptius (pink eye) first found?
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In Egypt
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When is the most cases of Aegyptius (pink eye) seen most?
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In the summertime
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Ducreyi is an organism that causes?
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Soft Shanker, and lesions that can go undetected
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Ducreyi is a primary or a secondary invader?
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It is commonly a secondary invader
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Where is the organism Ducreyi most commonly found?
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It is a mixed infection formed on the penis
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What is the most serious serotype of Hemophilus Influenzae?
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Type B
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What has been given to children that has helped reduce meningitis from H. Influenzae B
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A H. Influenzae B vaccine that is given w/in 1 month after birth
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What is the Chin Test and what does it test for?
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The Chin test forces the child to touch chin to sternum.
If they can't or it's hard they could have Meningitis |
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How long should one incubate a Satellite Phenomena plate?
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For 24-48 hours
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What is a Satelite Phenomenon?
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It is where an unknown is inoculated where staph. aureus is already growing
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How do you get a positive Satelite Phenomenon test?
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If there is an increase in colony size is a positive test
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Hemophilus grows well in the vicinity of _____ _____?
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Staph Aureus
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What is the most common cause of meningitis for children ages 6 months to 2 years?
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H. Influenzae Type B
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Why is chloramphenicol such a deadly drug?
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because it i known to damage blood cells, and can cause Gray syndrome; and should only be used when situation is life threatening
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what organism is notorious in causing a respiratory infection?
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Klebsiella
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Is Klebsiella capsulated or non-capsulated?
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Capsulated
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Klebsiella is a member of the _________ family?
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Enterobacteriaceae
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Is Klebsiella a Gram positive or negative rod?
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Gram Negative
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Is Klebsiella motile or not and does it have spores?
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It is Non-motile and doesn't have spores
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Hemorrhagic Pneumonia can be casued by which klebsiella organisms?
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Pneumoniae, Ozaenae, Rhinosleromatis, and Oxytoca
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What is the name of the person that first identified Klebsiella Pneumoniae?
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Friedlander Bacillis
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K. Pneumoniae commonly causes _____?
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Pneumonia
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K. Pneumoniae is often misdiagnosed as ________?
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Strep. Pneumoniae
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K. Ozaenae will cause what?
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Atrophy of the nasal mucous membranes
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K. Rhinosleromatis will cause what?
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Scleroma
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Is the infection that K. Oxytoca causes a deadly or non-deadly infection
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It is occurs in nature that doesn't cause to serious of an infection
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What is common in all Klebsiella organisms?
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They all have a capsule
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Hemophilus Influenzae is Gram ___ and is _______?
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Gram negative and is capsulated
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Capsular antigens cross react with ________ and ______?
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Strep. Pneumoniae and H. Influenzae
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T or F
K. Pneumoniae is a serious necrotizing agent and any neglagence can cause death? |
True
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What are some predisposing factors to contracting K. Pneumoniae infection?
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Congestive heart failure, alcoholism, viral infections, old age, diabetes, debilitating diesases
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Nosocomial is a form of K. Pneumoniae that is ______ acquired?
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Hospital acquired
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K. Pneumoniae can cause _______ _______ Pneumonia?
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Primary Lobar Pneumonia
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Klebsiella infections can result in destruction of ______?
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Alveolar septa
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Klebsiella infections account for _____% of all hospital acquired infections from _____ and _______?
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10%
Catheters Endotrachael tubes |
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Klebsiella can cause _____. _____ Infections
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Urinary Tract Infections
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In fighting Klebsiella infections what have researchers found?
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That it is multi-drug resistance
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Is Penicillin recommended or not recommended for a Klebsiella infection?
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Penincillin is NOT recommended
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Klebsiella organisms are resistant to these drugs?
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Ampicillin, Carbencillin, Cephalothin, Chloramphenicol and tetracycline. Even gentamyin resistance seen
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What drugs are effective in fighting Klebsiella infections?
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Streptomycin, Tobromycin, Amikacin
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Which drugs are most effective to fighting Klebsiella infections?
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Tobromycin and Amikacin
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Urinary Tract infections are more common in _____ and is anatomically easier to go from ____ to _______?
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Females
GI Vagina |
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What can be done to help reduce the occurance of UTI's (regulation of urine pH)?
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Being on Birth Control, Taking Nalidixic acid, Nitrofurantcin, as well as Ascorbic acid (vit. C)
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T or F
E. Coli is a coliform and is considered a major one? |
True
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Coliforms is Gram ___?
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Gram negative
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What is another name for Leprosy that is caused by Mycobacterium Leparae?
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Hansen's disease
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T or F
Mycobaterium Leprae is similar to Mycobacterium Tuberculosis? |
True
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T or F
M. Leprae is an exception to Koch's postulates? |
True
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Why is M. Leprae an exception to Koch's Postulates?
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Because it can be cultured on any media
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What is the animal in which M. Leprae can cause disease similar to the one found in humans?
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Armadillos
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T or F
M. Leprae does not grow most abundantly than any other organism in human systems? |
False; It does grow most abundantly
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How is M. Leprae transmitted?
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Through extended contact with lepers
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What is the incubation time for M. Leprae?
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It can be very long (years and even decades)
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Where in the body does M. Leprae like to grow?
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It likes to grow in Macrophages
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How long is the division cycle for M. Leprae cells?
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12 days
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Clinically how many forms of M. Leprae are there?
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2 Forms;
I.) Tuberculoid or Anesthetic form (area looses pigment and sensation) II.) Lepromatous form (nodular form showing granulomas, large and disfiguring) |
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T or F
M. Leprae is not the only organism that destroys peripheral tissue, skin and mucous membranes? |
False; M. Leprae is the only organism
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M. Leprae has a predisposition to _____ parts of the body?
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Colder
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What part of the body slowly deforms due to M. Leprae?
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Hands and Feet
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What 2 things can help decrease the spread of a M. Leprae infection?
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Some surgery and training can help
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How is M. Leprae diagnosed?
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PCR and Acid Fast organism in lesions as well as a positive lepromin test
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What are some drugs that can be used to treat M. Leprae infections?
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Dapsone, Clofazimmine, and Rifampin
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Is there a vaccing available for M. Leprae infections?
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No there is no vaccine available
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T or F
People with leprosy that have been treated can live almost a normal life? |
True
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Even though M. Leprae infections have decreased over the years where is it still present?
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Angola, Brazil, India, Indonesia, Burma, Nepal, Niger
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Who first saw the organism Bordetella?
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Bordet and Gangov in 1906
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Bordetella is similar to Hemophilus but does not need ____?
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X and V Factors
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Bordetella is in the shape of?
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Rod to ovoid
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Bordetella is a gram ____ organism?
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Gram negative
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What are the 3 species of Bordetella?
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B. Pertussis
B. Para-pertussis B. Bronchiseptica |
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Who suffers from Hemophilus Influenzae?
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Humans
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Who suffers from Peifer's Bacillus (Para-inflenzae)?
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Humans
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Who suffers from Aegyptius infections?
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Humans
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Who suffers from Ducreyi?
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Humans
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Who suffers from Suis?
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Swine
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Who suffers from Caniculus
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Rabbits
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Hemophilus Influenzae requires which factors?
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X and V;
X=Hemin V=NAD/NADPH |
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Para-inflenzae requires which factors?
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V
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H. Aegyptius requires which factors?
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X and V
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Ducreyi requires which factors?
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X
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H. Suis requires which factors?
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V
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Caniculus requires which factors?
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X and V
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What are some some clinical features of H. Influenzae as well as there percentages?
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Meningitis - 54%
Pneumonia - 14% Pericarditis - 4% Facial Cellulitis - 11% Epiglottitis - 10% Pyarthrosis (joint) - 1% Bacteremia (no focus) - 10% |
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Who most commonly contracts a H. Influenzae infection?
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Children
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What are the types of Pneumonia that comes from H. Influenzae?
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Broncho. and Lobar Pneumonia
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Why is Epiglottitis from H. Influenzae such a potentially lethal disease?
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Because it can obstruct the airway
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T or F
H. Influenzae caused Cellulitis can affect both children and adults |
True
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Which species of Bordetella is the most serious? and Why?
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B. Pertussis; because it is highly contagious
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Who is most likely to be affected by a B. Pertussis?
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Children Mostly because 90% aren't immunized
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What 2 types of neuological symptoms are most deadly and caused by a Bordetella infection?
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17% have permanent CNS damage
27.5% have mental retardation |
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T or F
Children who become infected with a Bordetella organism and fall into a coma can survive? |
False Children who develop coma do not survive
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T or F
Epilepsy, Paralysis, and Blindness can be symptoms of a Bordetella infection? |
True
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The exotoxin that is caused by a Bordetella infection can cause what?
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Necrosis of Epithelium
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The endotoxin that is present in Bordetella organism is _____ ____?
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Heat Stable
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What does LPF stand for
(Bordetella organism)? |
Lymphocytosis Promoting Factor
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What does HSF stand for (Bordetella organism)?
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Histamine sensitizing factor
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What does HSF cause?
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Coughing
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How is a Bordetella infection diagnosed?
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Grows on BG (Bordet and Gengov) media
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How is a Bordetella infection treated?
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Erythromycin (safest drugs)
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T or F
The DPT vaccine can be used to prevent B. Pertussis infections? |
True
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What were the percent of people that died from a Bordetella infection in 1920, 1950, and 1979?
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1920 - 12.5 per 100,000
1950 - .5 per 100,000 1979 - .02 per 100,000 |
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Bordetella is a gram ____ organism?
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Gram Negative
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Bordetella is found in _____ not in _____?
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Pairs; not chains
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T or F
Bordetella can be found as short chains in liquid cultures? |
True
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T or F
Bordetella is a non-motile, and non-spore forming organism? |
True
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T or F
Bordetella organisms don't have capsules? |
False they do have capsules
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The colonies that are formed on a Bordet and Gengou plate are seen as what?
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Smooth Glistening pearly lusture
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How long would a microbiologist incubate a Bordetella organism?
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For 72 hours at 37 degrees C
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At what temp. does the heat stable endotoxin produced by a bordetella organism die at?
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56 degrees C
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Which phase of Bordetella Pertussis is most pathogenic?
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Phase I and II
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Which phase of Bordetella Pertussis is most contagious?
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Phase I and II
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Which phase of Bordetella Pertussis is non-pathogenic and uncapsulated?
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Phase IV
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What are some clinical symptoms of C. Botulism?
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Double vision, diplopia, bulbar paralysis, general paralysis
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Neuroparalytic symptoms of C. Botulism can occur by: (gradual onset, sudden onset or as soon as infected by organism)?
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Sudden onset
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Where do the toxins caused by C. Botulism work at in the body?
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At the Neuromuscular junctions
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What do the toxins caused by C. Botulism do at the neuromuscular junctions?
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They prevent the prelease of Acetylcholine
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What is the affect of C. Botulism toxins prevention of Acetylcoline?
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Muscles are paralyzed in a relaxed state
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Why does death occur in C. Botulism infections?
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Because there has been paralysis of the respiratory muscles
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When must the treatment start for a confirmed/suspected infection caused by C. Botulism?
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The treatment must start immediately
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Is there a vaccine for a C. Botulism infection?
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No vaccine is available
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What is the best kind of therapy to use for a C. Botulism infection?
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an Antitoxin therapy must be used to save a life
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T or F
C. Botulism is a deadly toxin? |
True can cause death
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What is another name for infantile botulism?
|
Floppy baby syndrome
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What age group is most suseptible to an infantile botulsim infection?
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Babies from 6 months to 12 months of age
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When was Infantile botulism first recognized?
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1976
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Infantile Botulism is associated with what food product?
|
Honey
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What is the percentage of tested honey jars are positive for botulsim spores?
|
10%
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What produces the toxins involved in Floppy baby syndrome?
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Germinated Spores
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What are some clinical features of Floppy Baby Syndrome?
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The baby becomes lethargic and loses ability to suck and swallow
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Is death rare or common in Floppy Baby Syndrome?
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It is rare
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What is needed to make sure the baby who has contracted infantile botulism to make sure they live?
|
Hospitalization is needed
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What form of botulism is rare in the U.S.A.?
|
Wound Botulism
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What causes an infection of wound botulism?
|
Deep crushing (contaminating done by dirty objects)
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What is the mortality rate of wound botulism?
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25% mortality
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Tetanus is caused by what organism?
|
C. Tetani
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What is the most painful symptom of tetanus?
|
Lock Jaw
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T or F
Death can be a result of an infection of C. Tetani? |
True
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In a C. Tetani infection where do clinical features normally occur in the body?
|
Deep dirty wounds
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Are the spores of C. Tetani resistant or not resistant to boiling?
|
They are resistant
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What mamals carry the C. Tetani organism in their GI Tract?
|
Horses, Cattle and Even Humans
|
|
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What is a major cause of Tetanus?
|
Accidental injury (puncture wounds)
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Once the C. Tetani organism has gotten into dead tissue it can cause the ___ most deadly toxin?
|
2nd most deadly
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C. Tetani causes muscular (spasm or relaxation)?
|
spasm
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What are the 1st signs of tetanus?
|
Lock Jaw followed by generalized spasm
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Death is due to what in a C. Tetani infection?
|
Respiratory failure
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What does the toxins produced by the C. Tetani organism bind to?
|
They bind to synptosomes
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What is used to treat a confirmed tetanus infection?
|
Nerve ending antitoxin therapy
|
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What is used to treat a suspected tetanus infection?
|
The Tetanus Toxoid (immunization)
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Tetanus neonotarum can be caused by what 2 things?
|
Raw stump of umbilical cord, and some poor practices during child birth
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In some countries tetanus neonotarum kills ____ percent of neonates?
|
10%
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The Clostridial organism difficile can cause what?
|
Pseudomembranous Colitis
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Where in the body is the C. Difficile organism common?
|
It is common in GI Tract Flora
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C Difficile has been linked to Pseudomembranous colitis since ___?
|
1978
|
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T or F
C. Difficlie infections have been linked to antibiotic use? |
True
|
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What is the percentage of patients who have confirmed cases of Pseudomembranous colitis also have the organism C. Difficile?
|
It is found in 90% of patients
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What drugs have been linked to Pseudomembranous colitis (PMC)?
|
Clindamycin, Ampicillin and Cephalosporin
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What is the treatment for a PMC infection?
|
Vancomycin
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What are some clinical features of a PMC infection?
(Pseudomembranous Colitis) |
Fever (up to 106 F/ 41 C) abdominal cramps, diarrhea, electrolyte imbalance, mega colon (acute dialation) and even perforation of colon
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Gas Gangrene is caused by what?
|
A Mixed infection
C. Perfringens (80-90%) along with C. Novyi or C. Septicum |
|
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the mixed organisms in Gas Gangrene cause their infection by___?
|
Inoculating particulate matter in circulation of injured/impaired areas
|
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What do the spores of Gas Gangrene produce?
|
Collagenase, Lipases, Proteases
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What are some cinical features of an infection of Gas Gangrene?
|
Rattling (crepitant) tissue is produced, gas bubbles, audible sounds of crackling and pops of gas, foul odor, blackening of skin, as well as a high fever and shock
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Is Toxemia and Death possible in a Gas Gangrene infection?
|
Yes
|
|
|
What is used to help stop the spread of Gas Gangrene?
|
Amputation or other surgical procedures
|
|
|
Gas Gangrene is common in what two types of people?
|
Diabetics and women who have gone through illegal or improper abortion
|
|
|
Clostridium is in the family of ____?
|
Bacillaceae
|
|
|
Clostridium is ____ shaped, ____ forming, Gram ____ organisms?
|
Rod Shaped, Spore forming, and Gram Positive organisms
|
|
|
how many Genera are there of Bacillaceae?
|
Bacillus and Clostridium
|
|
|
Most forms of Clostridium are _____ Anaerobes?
|
Obligate anaerobes
|
|
|
T or F
Clostridium are aerobic? |
False they are Anaerobes
|
|
|
T or F
Some species of clostridium are sachharolytic? |
True they produce acid and gas from carbohydrates
|
|
|
Most diseases that are caused by a clostridium organism are (Exo- or Eno-) toxin producers?
|
They are Exo-toxin produces
|
|
|
where are Clostridium organisms are present?
|
Soil and intestinal tract of man and animals
|
|
|
Food poisoning can be caused by which Clostridium organisms?
|
C. Perfringens and C. Botulinum
|
|
|
T or F
C. Tetani is a subterminal organism? |
False they are Terminal
|
|
|
T or F
C. Difficile is a subterminal organism? |
True
|
|
|
For C. Botulinum how many different serotypes are there? what are there names? and which are most common in the U.S.?
|
There are 6 different types
A-F are their names Only A, B, E, are most common in the U.S. |
|
|
What is a predisposing factor for Clostridial cellulitis and Myonecrosis Gas Gangrene?
|
Clostridial Cellulitis - Local Trauma or Surgery
Myonecrosis Gas Gangrene - Same usually a deeper wound |
|
|
When is the onset of disease seen in Clostridial cellulits and myonecrosis gas gangrene?
|
Clostridial cellulitis - Gradual
Myonecrosis gas gangrene - acute |
|
|
What does the exudate look like in clostridial cellulitis and myonecrosis gas gangrene?
|
Clostridial cellulitis - Thin, Dark
Myonecrosis gas gangrene - thick dark blood |
|
|
Yersinia Pestis is in the _______ family?
|
Enterobacteriaceae
|
|
|
Yersinia Pestis is a ______ disease?
|
Bacterial disease
|
|
|
What was the earlier name of Yersinia Pestis?
|
Pasteurella Pestis
|
|
|
What is the family that Yersinia Pestis used to belong to (under Pasteurella Pestis)?
|
Pasturellaceae formally Brucellaceae
|
|
|
What is the only organism still left in the Pasturellaceae family?
|
P. Mulicoda
|
|
|
Who first identified the organism Yersinia Pestis?
|
Yersin
|
|
|
In what year did Yersin indentify the yersinia pestis organism?
|
1896
|
|
|
Yersin was a student of _____?
|
Louis Pasteur
|
|
|
What is the disease that is caused by the Yersinia Pestis bacteria?
|
Plague
|
|
|
Is plague still present in the world today?
|
yes it is still around but mostly in wild animals
|
|
|
What is the name of the human plague that is found in animals?
|
Sylvatic Plague
|
|
|
Isolated Human cases of plague have been seen mostly in ______?
|
Hunters, Farmers, Native Americans on reservations
|
|
|
Yersinia Pestis is a gram ____ organism, ____ shaped, and relatively ____
|
Gram Negative
Rod Shaped Relatively short |
|
|
Yersinia is Highly ________ and ________?
|
Pathogenic and capsulated
|
|
|
In the past how was the Yersinia bacteria transmitted?
|
Domestic rats via rat flea
|
|
|
Yersinia Pestis can be classified as ______ Epizootic?
|
Zoonosis - transmitted to humans from animals
|
|
|
A Bubo from yersinia bacteria is _____?
|
A Lymph node enlargement
|
|
|
When a bubonic bubo is formed it is referred to as _______?
|
Bubonic Plague
|
|
|
What are some common names for the plague that demonstrates a Bubo?
|
Bubonic Plague, and Black Death
|
|
|
Why is Bubonic Plague also called the Black Death?
|
Because the hemorhages that are caused darken the skin
|
|
|
What is Septicemic Plague?
|
Plague when born by the circulatory system that causes most hemorrhages and necrosis in all parts of the body
|
|
|
What is a clinical precursor to septicemic plague?
|
pneumonia
|
|
|
Pneumonic plague has a ____ mortality rate?
|
100%
|
|
|
In what form is Pneumonic plague transmitted?
|
Air Borne (droplet)
|
|
|
T or F
Pneumonic plague was the cause when a large number of people died of plague? |
True
|
|
|
Which disease has killed more individuals than any other disease?
|
Pneumonic Plague
|
|
|
Are there isolated cases of plague today?
|
yes and they are treated quickly - most cases through animals
|
|
|
What is used to diagnose a Yersinia infection?
|
Fluorscent antibody test from an agent in lungs or sputum
|
|
|
What are the 4 pathogenicity factors seen in a yersinia infection?
|
Murein Toxin, Bacteriocin, Co-agulase, Fibrolytic toxin
|
|
|
The yersinia organism can survive in ______ like ___ and ____?
|
Can survive in Macrophages,
Like T.B. and Leprosey |
|
|
What type of drug must not be used to treat a yersinia infection?
|
Sulfas
|
|
|
What are the drugs used to treat a yersinia infection?
|
Streptomycin, Tetracycline sometimes combined therapy is needed or used
|
|
|
What are some ways to prevent yersinia infections?
|
Control of domestic rats, hygiene and sanitation
|
|
|
T or F
There is no vaccine available for a yersinia infection? |
False there is a vaccine available
|
|
|
What is the name of the vaccine to prevent a yersinia infection?
|
Haffkine Vaccine
|
|
|
Is the vaccine to prevent yersinia infections 100% effective?
|
No and should only be used as needed
|
|
|
What are some other members of the Enterobacteriaceae family?
|
Y. Enterocalitica, Y. Pseudotuberculosis
|
|
|
Y. Enterocalitica and Pseudotuberculosis affect which part of the body?
|
Affects the GI tract
|
|
|
What simulates nearly similar clinical manifestations of Yersinia Perstis?
|
Tularemia
|
|
|
Pseudomonas are members of which family?
|
Pseudomonadaceae
|
|
|
Pseudomonas are gram ____ and ____ shaped?
|
Gram negative
Rod Shaped |
|
|
Pseodomonas are difficult to distinguish from __?
|
Coliforms like E. Coli
|
|
|
Pseudomonas are abundant in ____ and ____?
|
Soil and Water
|
|
|
Pseudomonas are highly oxidative and plays a role in the ____?
|
Degradative Cycle
|
|
|
Pseudomonas can be found ______ in the body?
|
Skin and Saliva
|
|
|
T or F
Some Pseudomonas species are obligate parasites? |
False, There are none
|
|
|
T or F
Pseudomonas are opportunists? |
True
|
|
|
Can Pseudomonas be nosocomial?
|
Yes; it can be Hospital Acquired
|
|
|
Are Pseudomonas difficult to treat and fatal?
|
Yes
|
|
|
Pseudomonas form ____ pus?
|
Blue
|
|
|
What Hospital devices can transmit pseudomonas?
|
IV Catheters and Respiratory support machines
|
|
|
T or F
Pseudomonas have a high resistance to drug therapy but no resistant to disinfecting agents? |
False; They are to drug therapy as well as disinfecting agents
|
|
|
What are some clinical manifestations of a Pseudomonas Aeruginosa infections?
|
Bacteremia, Endocarditis, Resp. Infections (necrotizing pneumonia), UTI's, Musculoskeletal infections, Meningitis, wound infections, skin infections, burn infections
|
|
|
What drugs are used to treat a Pseudomonas Aeruginosa infection?
|
Carbenicillin, ticarcillin
|
|
|
What has caused the spread of a Pseudomonas Aeruginosa infection?
|
Genetic Engineering, Biotechnology, oil degrading, and polution
|
|
|
Mycobacterium is a major genera characterised by a unique _____?
|
Cell wall
|
|
|
The cell wall of a mycobacterium lacks ____ like Gram negative organisms?
|
Teichoic acid
|
|
|
The cell wall in mycobacterium is _____ to major stains?
|
impervious (impenetrable)
|
|
|
What are used to force carbol fuchsin in which is retained upon wahing the acid-alcohol?
|
Special Steaming Methods
|
|
|
The mycobacterium cells appear bright _____ and thus are _____?
|
Red/Pink
Acid Fast |
|
|
What is an important feature of mycobacterium?
|
Acid Fastness (being positive to ziehl-neelson procedure)
|
|
|
The cells can survive in _____ which is an important ______ mechanism?
|
Macrophages
Pathogenic |
|
|
What are the 3 important human pathogens of mycobacterium?
|
M. Tuberculosis, M. Bovis, M. Leprae
|
|
|
Tuberculosis is acquired by ___?
|
Inhalation of a droplet
|
|
|
What does the droplet form in people that have tuberculosis?
|
Forms Granulomas in a non-immune person
|
|
|
Many recover from but do not suffer from serious consequences from?
|
Tuberculosis
|
|
|
Is it possible to suffer and die from a Tuberculosis mycobacterium infection?
|
Yes
|
|
|
What are some symptoms of a mycobacterium infection?
|
Weight loss, night sweats, cough, spitting of blood, chest pain
|
|
|
In a Mycobacterium disease where can some of the granulomas form in the body?
|
Liver, spleen, kidney
|
|
|
T or F
Granulomas of a Mycobacterium disease can keep the organism walled off for years sometimes for decades? |
True
|
|
|
Who are most suseptible to a mycobacterium infection?
|
AIDS Victims
|
|
|
What is some ways to diagnose a mycobacterium infection?
|
Acid fast bacilli in sputum, tuberculin test using PPD (purified protein derivate)
|
|
|
The PPD is used to scan ____?
|
population for exposure
|
|
|
PPD is a ____ test?
|
Skin
|
|
|
Mantoux test is a ____ test?
|
Skin
|
|
|
What is the treatment for a Mycobacterium infection of tuberculosis?
|
INH (isonicotinic acid) plus Rifampin
|
|
|
When was Streptomycin used to treat a Tuberculosis infection?
|
1945
|
|
|
What was the first anti-tuberculous drug?
|
Streptomycin
|
|
|
What is a way to prevent a mycobacterium tuberculosis infection?
|
BCG - Bacillus Calmette Guerin
|
|
|
BCG uses ____?
|
Killed cells
|
|
|
T or F
BCG is not routine in the USA but commonly used in many other countries? |
True
|
|
|
T.B. of spinal column causes?
|
Fusion of Vertebrae
|
|
|
M. Tuberculosis causes?
|
Tuberculosis
|
|
|
M. Avium-intracellulare causes?
|
Tuberculosis-like disease in humans, transmitted from birds and swine
|
|
|
M. Bovis causes?
|
Tuberculosis, transmitted from cattle
|
|
|
M. Fortuitum complex causes?
|
Wound infections, indwelling catheter infections
|
|
|
M. Kansasii causes?
|
tuberculosis-like disease
|
|
|
M. Leprae causes?
|
Hansen's disease (leprosy)
|
|
|
M. Marinum causes?
|
Cutaneous lesions in humans
|
|
|
M. Ulcerans causes?
|
Ulcerative lesions
|
|
|
What is Diarrhea?
|
A disturbance of intestinal motility and absorption which may become self perpetuating as a disease
|
|
|
How can one get rehydrated during a bout of Diarrhea?
|
Through Intravenous fluids
|
|
|
What is the composition of the IV fluid that helps rehydrate people?
|
5:4:1
5 grams NaCl 4 grams Sodium Bicarbonate 1 gram KCl in 1000cc of clean water |
|
|
What are some things that Diarrhea can produce?
|
Fever (enteric fever)
Hepatitis (jaundice) Perforations (ulcerations) Dysentery (fresh blood in stool) |
|
|
What are some characteristics of Shigellosis?
|
Organisms cause intestinal lesions and release toxins; symptoms include cramps, fever, profuse diarrhea with blood and mucus
|
|
|
What is a main cause in Traveler's diarrhea?
|
Pathogenic strains of E. Coli
|
|
|
What are some characteristics of Traveler's diarrhea?
|
Organisms can invade mucosa and/or produce toxin, cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, bloating, malaise, abdominal pain; self-limiting except for postinfection complications; dehydration and death in infants
|
|
|
What organisms can cause food poisoning?
|
C. Perfringens, C. Botulinum, Bacillus cereus, as well as Staphylococcal enterotoxicosis
|
|
|
What are some major GI tract associated bacterial diseases?
|
Asiatic Cholera, Brucellosis, Gastroenteritis, Pseudomembranous colitis, Salmonellosis, shigellosis, Traveler's diarrhea, typhoid fever, weil's disease
|
|
|
What is the causative agent, gram reaction, incubation perios of Asiatic cholera?
|
Agent - Vibrio Cholerae
Gram - Negative Incubation - usually 2-5 days |
|
|
What is the causative agent, gram reaction, incubation period of Brucellosis?
|
Agent - abortus, melitensis, suis
Gram - Negative coccabacilli Incubation - 1 to 3 weeks |
|
|
What is the causative agent, gram reaction, incubation period of Gastroenteritis?
|
Agent - Yersinia enterocolitica
Gram - Negative coccobacillus Incubation - unknown |
|
|
What is the causative agent, gram reaction, incubation period of Pseudomembranous colitis?
|
Agent - Clostridium diffcile
Gram - Positive rod Incubation - 2 weeks following therapy |
|
|
How is Yersinia enterocolitica trasmitted?
|
Through contaminated water
|
|
|
What is the causative agent, gram reaction, incubation period of Salmonellosis?
|
Agent - Salmonella Typhimurium
Gram - Negative rod Incubation - 8 to 10 hours but can be up to 48 hours |
|
|
What is the causative agent, gram reaction, incubation period of Shigellosis?
|
Agent - Shigella organisms
Gram - Negative Rod Incubation - 1-14 days |
|
|
How is Shigella dysenteriae transmitted?
|
The 4 F's (food, flys, fecal, fingers)
|
|
|
Where is Shigella flexneri most common?
|
In the Northern U.S
|
|
|
Where is Shigella Sonnei most common?
|
In Southern U.S.
|
|
|
What can prevent a Salmonellosis infections?
|
The sugar D-Manose
|
|
|
What are some symptoms of a Shigellosis (bacillary dysentery) infection?
|
abdominal pain, diarrhea, high fever, general discomfort; stools containing mucus, blood and pus;
|
|
|
What is the appearance of the stools of people with a shigellosis infection?
|
A red currant jelly appearance
|
|
|
What are some complications of a Shigellosis infection?
|
Massive bleeding and perforations of the large intestine
|
|
|
What is the causative agent, gram reaction, incubation period of Traveler's diarrhea?
|
Agent - E. Coli
Gram - Negative Rod Incubation - Usually 2-5 days |
|
|
T or F
E. Coli is a motile agent? |
True
|
|
|
What does E. Coli produce?
|
It produces bacteriocins that inhibits other pathogens as well as help us synthesize B vitamins
|
|
|
E. Coli is a gram _____ and ____ shaped?
|
Negative
Rod |
|
|
T or F
E. Coli is not Lactose Fermenting? |
False E. Coli is lactose fermenting
|
|
|
E. Coli is a member of what family of organisms?
|
Enterobacteriaceae
|
|
|
T or F
E. Coli is a member of the normal flora in the body? |
True
|
|
|
E. Coli is a major cause in which diseases?
|
Traveler's diarrhea, Montezumas Revenge, Delhi Belly
|
|
|
What is the distiction of the deadly variant of E. Coli?
|
0157: H7
|
|
|
T or F
E. Coli is always a deadly organism? |
False it is mostly benign
|
|
|
How does E. Coli become a deadly organism?
|
It picks up toxic genes through conjugation
|
|
|
Can E. Coli rapidly develop drug resistance?
|
Yes
|
|
|
T or F
E. Coli is a very versatile organism? |
True
|
|
|
What parts of the body can E. Coli attack?
|
urinary tract, meninges, wounds, reproductive parts, lungs, skin
|
|
|
When E. Coli is cultured how are the organisms organized?
|
In a pilli organization
|
|
|
What are some various strains that exist of E. Coli?
|
Enteroinvasive, Enterotoxigenic, Enterohemorrhagic
|
|
|
What can the Enterohemorrhagic strain of E. Coli cause?
|
Hemorrhagic Uremic Syndrome (HUS)
|
|
|
What is the organism that E. Coli usually picks its deadly genes from?
|
Shigella
|
|
|
T or F
Shigella is a motile organism? |
False it is a non-motile organism
|
|
|
Shigella is gram ____ and ___ shaped?
|
Negative,
Rod |
|
|
T or F
Shigella is a lactose fermenter? |
False it is a Non-Lactose Fermenter
|
|
|
What is the family that Shigella belongs to?
|
Enterobacteriaceae
|
|
|
T or F
Shigella is a deadly bacillary dysentery? |
True
|
|
|
Which animals can and do carry the shigella organisms?
|
Chimpanzees, Gorillas
both act as reservoirs |
|
|
Who are most suseptible to contracting a shigella infection?
|
Very young and very old are major victims
|
|
|
What can prevent a Shigella infection?
|
Boiling of Water
|
|
|
What is the treatment for a shigella infection?
|
Fluoroquinolones or Trimethorprim Sulfamethoxazole
|
|
|
Salmonella is Gram _____ and ____ shaped?
|
Negative
Rod |
|
|
Is Salmonella motile?
|
Yes
|
|
|
Salmonella is a member of what family?
|
Enterobacteriaceae
|
|
|
What are some salmonella organisms?
|
S Enteritidis, S. Choleraesuis, S. Typhi
|
|
|
What can S. Enteritidis also referred to as?
|
S. Typhimurium, or Enterocolitis
|
|
|
T or F
Salmonella is the number 1 food poisoning agent? |
True
|
|
|
Is death seen often in salmonella Enteritidis infections?
|
No they are only seen rarely
|
|
|
What animals transmit the organism Salmonella Choleraesuis?
|
Swine pathogens, Ducklings, Baby turtles
|
|
|
Is Salmonella the most (major) deadly salmonella organism?
|
Yes it is
|
|
|
Is Salmonella Typhi rare in the USA today?
|
Yes
|
|
|
What are some things that transmit the Salmonella typhi organism?
|
Raw shell fish, Vegies, and Fruit
|
|
|
Can Salmonella Typhi cause Typhoid?
|
Yes
|
|
|
Is the typhoid caused by Salmonella Typhi the most deadly Enteric Fever?
|
Yes
|
|
|
How long does it take for a person to die from a Salmonella Typhi infection?
|
It kills in 3 weeks or shows recovery
|
|
|
What are the steps of a progressing S. Typhi infection?
|
rising fever, Rash (rose spot - petechial rash), Perforations of the gut, Death
|
|
|
What is used to treat a Salmonella typhi infection?
|
Fluoroquinolones (ciproflaxin), and Chloramphenicol (only in deadly situations
|
|
|
What can be utilized to identify a Salmonella Typhi infection?
|
Widal test - serodiagnostic test
TAB vaccine - Foreign Travel |
|
|
What is another name for a Salmonella Typhi infection?
|
Typhoid Mary
|
|
|
What was the former name of Helicobacter Pylori?
|
Campylobacter Pylori
|
|
|
What does Helicobacter Pylori cause in the stomach?
|
Stomach Ulcers
|
|
|
When was Helicobacter Pylori first cultured?
|
1982
|
|
|
T or F
Heliobacter Pylori can survive very basic conditions? |
False they can however survive very acidic conditions
|
|
|
In acidic conditions what does Heliobacter Pylori do to survive?
|
Produces ammonia from urea
|
|
|
Where does Helicobacter Pylori tend to colonize?
|
In the Gastric Mucosa
|
|
|
How many people in the USA suffer from Peptic ulcers?
|
4 million people
|
|
|
Of the 4 million people who suffer from Peptic ulcers in the USA what percentage of them carry the Helicobacter Pylori organism?
|
70-90%
|
|
|
What percentage of patients show duodenal ulcers with Heliobacter Pylori infections?
|
95%
|
|
|
What percentage of patients show gastric ulcers with Heliobacter Pylori infections?
|
95%
|
|
|
What does Tagament do in regards to ulcers caused by Heliobacter Pylori?
|
It controls it but does not cure the ulcers
|
|
|
What are some durgs used to treat a Heliobacter Pylori infection?
|
Omeprazole, plus antibiotics like metronidazole and tetracycline
|
|
|
The drug Omeprazole is a ______?
|
Proton Pump inhibitor
|
|
|
Heliobacter Pylor is a _____ shaped bacterium?
|
Spiral shaped
|
|
|
Does/can reinfection of H. Pylori once treated with antibiotics?
|
No it does not occur
|
|
|
T or F
Dr. Anand is from India and is very savy with the elmo? |
False
|
