Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
99 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
|
What often accompanies Acute Diarrhea? |
Abdominal pain/cramping Nausea / Vomiting Dehydration |
|
|
|
What is the causative agent of Salmonella?
[Salmonellosis, gastroenteritis, orenteric fever] (Acute Diarrhea) |
Salmonella enterica
|
|
|
|
How does salmonella enterica appear in culture? (Acute Diarrhea) |
motile, gram- rod urease- lactase- hydrogen sulfide+ |
What do the following tests show (+ or - ) urease , lactase, hydrogen sulfide |
|
|
How is Salmonella transmitted?
(Acute Diarrhea) |
Consumption of contaminated food
|
|
|
|
What are the signs and symptoms of Salmonella ?
(Acute Diarrhea) |
Fever (severe)
Septicemia (severe) Gastroenteritis Vomiting Diarrhea Mucosal irritation Hematochezia (blood in stool) |
|
|
|
What are the preventative measures for Salmonella?
(Acute Diarrhea) |
Avoid the bacterium
|
|
|
|
How is Salmonella treated? (Acute Diarrhea) |
Electrolyte and fluid replacement (antibiotics in immune comp.) |
|
|
|
What is the causative agent of Shigella?
(Acute Diarrhea) |
Shigella sp.
|
|
|
|
what is the appearance of Shigella in culture?
(Acute Diarrhea) |
non-motile, gram- rods
urease- lactase- hydrogensulfide- *Very similar to E. coli* |
|
|
|
What are the signs and symptoms of Shigella?
(Acute Diarrhea) |
Watery stools
Fever Nausea and vomiting Occult blood in stool Bloody diarrhea (dysentery) Sometimes mucous in stool as well |
|
|
|
How is Shigella transmitted?
(Acute Diarrhea) |
Usually through fecal oral route
Can be person-person (smallinfectious dose) Associated with crowding,malnutrition, and lax sanitation |
|
|
|
How is Shigella prevented?
(Acute Diarrhea) |
good hygiene
avoid chronic carriers |
|
|
|
What is the causative agent of E. coli?
(Acute Diarrhea) |
Escherichia coli
(O157:H7 and O104:H4 strains, enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), or Shiga-like toxin producing E. coli(STEC)) |
|
|
|
what is the appearance of E. coli in culture?
(Acute Diarrhea) |
motile gram- rod
urease- lactase+ hydrogensulfide- |
|
|
|
What are the signs and symptoms of E. coli?
(Acute Diarrhea) |
mild symptoms
gastroenteritis dysentery |
|
|
|
How is E. coli treated?
(Acute Diarrhea) |
***No antibiotics***
Supportive therapy |
|
|
|
How is E. coli diagnosed?
(Acute Diarrhea) |
Stool culture
ELISA PCR |
|
|
|
What is a possible complication of E. coli?
(Acute Diarrhea) |
hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS)
|
|
|
|
What does hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) affect and what are the symptoms?
(Acute Diarrhea) |
E. coli infects kidney
hematuria, pain, low or no urineoutput anemia nervous system problems kidney failure |
|
|
|
How is E. coli transmitted?
(Acute Diarrhea) |
mostly comes from food sources
|
|
|
|
What is the causative agent of Campylobacter?
(Acute Diarrhea) |
Campylobacter jejuni
|
|
|
|
What is the appearance in culture of Campylobacter jejuni?
(Acute Diarrhea) |
gram - spirillum
|
|
|
|
what is Campylobacter?
(Acute Diarrhea) |
most common cause of diarrheain the US
|
|
|
|
How is campylobacter transmitted?
(Acute Diarrhea) |
acquired from: contaminatedwater, milk, meat, and chicken
|
|
|
|
what is a possible complication of campylobacter?
(Acute Diarrhea) |
may cause paralysis: Guillan Barre syndrome
|
|
|
|
what is the treatment for campylobacter?
(Acute Diarrhea) |
**usually supportive (hydration andelectrolytes)**
antibiotics only if extreme or IC pt. |
|
|
|
what is the causative agent for C. diff?
(Acute Diarrhea) |
Clostridium difficile
|
|
|
|
what is the appearance of clostridium difficile in culture?
(Acute Diarrhea) |
gram+ rod (endospore forming)
|
|
|
|
what are the signs and symptoms for clostridium difficile?
(Acute Diarrhea) |
diarrhea
cramping fever leukocytosis
|
|
|
|
what is a possible complication of clostridium difficile?
(Acute Diarrhea) |
pseudomembranous colitis bowel perforation
death |
|
|
|
how is clostridium difficile transmitted?
(Acute Diarrhea) |
endogenous
usually the result of broad-spectrumantibiotic treatment (ampicillin,clindamycin, or cephalosporins) |
|
|
|
how is clostridium difficile diagnosed?
(Acute Diarrhea) |
ELISA
PCR |
|
|
|
How is clostridium difficile treated?
(Acute Diarrhea) |
antibiotics, fluid replacement(mild)
Dificid (more serious cases) fecal transplant (new) |
|
|
|
what is the causative agent for Vibrio cholerae?
(Acute Diarrhea) |
Vibrio cholerae
|
|
|
|
what is the appearance of Vibrio cholerae in culture?
(Acute Diarrhea) |
gram - flagellated vibrio
|
|
|
|
what are the signs and symptoms of Vibrio cholerae?
(Acute Diarrhea) |
vomiting and watery diarrhea followed by rice-water stool(mucosa)
fluid loss can = 1L/hr loss of blood volume, acidosis, andpotassium depletion muscle cramps, thirst, flaccid skin,sunken eyes, coma |
|
|
|
how is Vibrio cholerae transmitted?
(Acute Diarrhea) |
warm, monsoon, alkaline, and salineconditions favor migration usually come from contaminatedwater sources
Top 7 in morbidity and mortality world wide |
|
|
|
how is Vibrio cholerae diagnosed?
(Acute Diarrhea) |
clinical symptoms usually sufficient
can be isolated from stool samples |
|
|
|
how is Vibrio cholerae prevented?
(Acute Diarrhea) |
short-term vaccines can be given totravelers to endemic regions sanitation is key
|
|
|
|
how is Vibrio cholerae treated?
(Acute Diarrhea) |
replacement of electrolytes and fluids isessential
used to depend on IV drip method now uses oral rehydration therapy (ORT) |
|
|
|
what is the causative agent for cryptosporidiosis?
(Acute Diarrhea) |
Cryptosporidium sp.
|
|
|
|
what is the appearance of Cryptosporidiumin culture?
(Acute Diarrhea) |
acid-fast intestinal protozoan
|
|
|
|
what are the signs and symptoms of Cryptosporidium?
(Acute Diarrhea) |
gastroenteritis
headache sweating vomiting abdominalcramps diarrhea |
|
|
|
how is Cryptosporidium treated?
(Acute Diarrhea) |
treatment not usually needed
|
|
|
|
how is Cryptosporidium transmitted?
(Acute Diarrhea) |
commonly isolated from HIV+ pts.
zoonosis (pigs, poultry, cows) water contaminated with oocystoften associated with swimmingpools |
|
|
|
how is Cryptosporidium diagnosed?
(Acute Diarrhea) |
detected in fecal samples usingELISA or acid-fast staining
|
|
|
|
what is the causative gent for Rotavirus?
(Acute Diarrhea) |
Rotavirus
|
|
|
|
what are the signs and symptoms of Rotavirus?
(Acute Diarrhea) |
watery diarrhea
fever vomiting dehydration hypovolemic shock |
|
|
|
how is Rotavirus transmitted?
(Acute Diarrhea) |
transmitted by fecal-oral routethrough contaminated water, food,and fomites
|
|
|
|
how is Rotavirus prevented?
(Acute Diarrhea) |
Rotarix or RotaTeq vaccines
|
|
|
|
how is Rotavirus treated?
(Acute Diarrhea) |
Rehydration
Oral rehydration solution IV/NG tube rehydration fluids |
|
|
|
how is Rotavirus diagnosed?
(Acute Diarrhea) |
ELISA (stool sample)
PCR electron microscopy |
|
|
|
Cyclospora cayetanensis is caused by what type of organism (bacteria, virus, protazoan etc.) ?
(Chronic Diarrhea) |
protozoan
|
|
|
|
how is Cyclospora cayetanensis transmitted?
(Chronic Diarrhea) |
transmittedby fecal-oral route
outbreaks have been tracked to raspberries,salads made with fresh greens, and drinkingwater |
|
|
|
how is Cyclospora cayetanensis treated?
(Chronic Diarrhea) |
antibiotics
|
|
|
|
What can Giardia lamblia cause? What are the signs/symptoms?
|
Chronic Diarrhea
(long-term diarrhea, abdominal pain,and flatulence) |
|
|
|
what is Giardia lamblia? (bacteria, virus, etc.)
and where is it found? |
flagellated protozoan found in freshwater including Finger Lakes
heart-shaped trophozoite |
|
|
|
how is Giardia lamblia treated?
|
antibiotics
|
|
|
|
What can Entamoeba histolytica cause? (signs/symptoms)
|
Chronic Diarrhea
may also target liver and lungs dysentery abdominal pain fever weight loss |
|
|
|
What are some complications ofEntamoeba histolytica?
|
perforations,hemorrhage, appendicitis, amoebomas
|
|
|
|
How is Entamoeba histolytica transmitted?
|
comes from ingesting contaminated foodand water **chronic carriers shed cysts in their feces ** |
|
|
|
How is Entamoeba histolytica prevented?
|
water treatment; oftenboiling or iodine
|
|
|
|
How is Entamoeba histolytica treated?
|
antiprotozoal and replacement of fluids and electrolytes
|
|
|
|
what is the causative agent for Mumps?
|
Mumps virus (Paramyxovirus)
|
|
|
|
What are the sings and symptoms of mumps?
|
fever, nasal discharge, malaise, and muscle pain
gopher-like swelling parotids (salivary gland) also invades testes, ovaries, thyroids gland,meninges, pancreas, heart, and kidney |
|
|
|
how is mumps transmitted?
|
salivary and respiratorysecretions
|
|
|
|
how is mumps prevented?
|
MMR vaccine
|
|
|
|
how is mumps treated?
|
Treatment to relieve fever, dehydration, and pain
|
|
|
|
what are possible complications of mumps?
|
testicular inflammation meningitis
pancreatic inflammation brain inflammation |
|
|
|
what is the causative agent for Hepatitis?
|
Hepatitis A-E
cytomegalovirus Epstein-Barr virus |
|
|
|
what are the general signs and symptoms of hepatitis?
|
Inflammatory disease that affects the liver causing Jaundice
|
|
|
|
how are hepatitis A and E transmitted?
|
Fecal-oral transmission because of Poor sanitation or personalhygiene
|
|
|
|
what are the signs and symptoms of hepatitis A and E?
|
Subclinical or flu-like symptomswith jaundice and enlarged liver
|
|
|
|
how are hepatitis A and E prevented?
|
vaccination
|
|
|
|
how are hepatitis A and E treated?
|
no specific medicine used;hydrate and avoid liver irritants
|
|
|
|
what are the signs and symptoms of hepatitis B and D?
|
Fever, chills, malaise, anorexia,abdominal discomfort, diarrhea, andnausea
|
|
|
|
what are complecations associated with hepatitis B and D?
|
May cause a life threatening illness
Potential cancer issues as well |
|
|
|
how are hepatitis B and D transmitted?
|
even smallamounts of blood and can remainactive in dry blood
Gets through the skin barrier |
|
|
|
how are hepatitis B and D prevented?
|
Vaccination available
|
|
|
|
how are hepatitis B and D treated?
|
Symptomatic treatment
|
|
|
|
what are the signs and symptoms of hepatitis C ?
|
Signs similar to Hep B, but much more likelyto become chronic
Can cause cancer and liver failure |
|
|
|
how is hepatitis C transmitted?
|
Acquired through blood and body fluids
|
|
|
|
how is hepatitis C prevented?
|
avoid contact with body fluids of an infected patient
No vaccine available |
|
|
|
how is hepatitis C treated?
|
ribavirin and interferon
New protease inhibitor drugs available |
|
|
|
what is the causative agent of pin worms? (proper name for pin worm)
|
Enterobius vermicularis
|
|
|
|
what are the signs and symptoms of pin worms?
|
anal itching
May be asymptomatic or causesleep disturbances, nausea,and/or diarrhea |
|
|
|
how are pin worms treated?
|
anthelmintic drugs
|
|
|
|
how are pin worms diagnosed?
|
the tape test
|
|
|
|
how are pin worms transmitted?
|
fecal-oral route
|
|
|
|
Taenia solium is the proper name for what helminth?
|
Pork tapeworm
|
|
|
|
how are tapeworms transmitted?
|
eating meat contaminatedwith eggs
|
|
|
|
what are the signs and symptoms of tapeworms?
|
Usually asymptomatic, but maycause abdominal pain andnausea
|
|
|
|
how are tapeworms diagnosed?
|
May find proglottids or eggs instool for diagnosis
ELISA to detect tapeworm Abs |
|
|
|
how are tapeworms treated?
|
anthelmintic drugs
|
|
|
|
what is the causative agent of Schistosomiasis?
|
Schistosomajaponicum or Schistosoma mansoni
|
|
|
|
what are the signs and symptoms of Schistosomiasis?
|
Enlarged liver, liver disease,enlarged spleen
can invade heart and nerves |
|
|
|
how is Schistosomiasis diagnosed?
|
ID through eggs in stool andintestinal scarring
|
|
|
|
how is Schistosomiasis treated?
|
anthelmintic drugs
|
|
|
|
how is Schistosomiasis transmitted?
|
Invades intact skin
usually through feet (stepping on a snail) |
|
