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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Different kinds of mold hyphae
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Septate - have distinctive sections (Aspergillus, Fusarium)
aseptate - No distinctive sections (Rhizomucor) dematiaceous - pigemented, black or brown hyaline - unpigmented |
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Dimorphic molds
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Yeast at 37 degrees (in tissue)
Mold at 25 degrees (room temp.) Blastomyces dermatiditis, Histoplasma capsulatum |
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Dermatophytosis
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Superficial infections
Dermatophytes that are capable of parasitizing keratinized tissue such as hair, skin, nails Tinea capitis - scalp (Epidermophyton if only skin involved, Trichophyton if skin & hair involved) Tinea pedis - feet (athlete's foot) (MCC = Trichphyton) Tinea cruris - groin region Tinea corporis - skin (ring worm) Tinea barbae - beard area Tinea unguium - nail infections (Trichophyton) 3 genera: Epidermophyton - skin and nails only Microsporum - skin and hair only Trichphyton - skin, hair, and nails Presumptive diagnosis before treatment, but need culture for definitive diagnosis |
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Superficial infections by Candida species
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Candida are normal inhabitants
Rash, such as diaper rash in immunocompetent Serious ifections in immunocompromised - Fungemia, disseminated candidiasis Malassezia furfur - Causes tinea versicolor (patchy skin depigmentation after sun exposure). Requires lipid to grow Exophilia werneckii - Causes Tinea nigra (brown or black macules on palms and soles) Trichsporon beigelii - Hair shaft infection called white piedra. Can cause bloodstream infection in patients w/ neutropenia |
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Subcutaneous Fungal Infections
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infection at site of inoculation of fungal organism (thorns, splinters, etc.)
Rarely disseminate Common in soil and plant saprophytes |
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Madurella mycetoma - Mycetomas
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Fungal infection
Involves tissue, muscle, bone, fascia Usually affects the hands or feet Suppurative sinuses seen as tracts in skin, abscesses, and granulomas Caused by dematiaceous fungi (Madurella mycetoma, etc.) Amputation often necessary |
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Chromoblastomycosis
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Fungal infection (sub-cutaneous)
Verrucous (cauliflower-like) dermatitis in tropical areas Caused by dematiaceous fungi *Appear as brown, septate yeast-like cells (called sclerotic bodies and differentiates this from phaehyphomycosis) |
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Phaeohyphomycosis
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Only subcutaneous fungal infection that can get into the blood
Caused by dematiaceous fungi Commonly found in soil, acquired by traumatic inoculation, and causes chronic subcutaneous infection Rarely causes brain abscess Hyphal morphology sets it apart from chromoblastomycosis, which are yeast-like instead (also more inflammative) |
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Sporothrix schenkii - Sporotrichosis
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Drunken Rose Gardeners Disease b/c commonly from rose prick
Fungal disease (sub-cutaneous) Superficial cutaneous, subcutaneous, and disseminated syndromes Cutaneous-lymphatic (most common & tracts along lymphatics), Cutaneous-non lymphatic, pulmonary, and disseminated Dimorphic fungus Found on thorns, moss, etc. world-wide Verrucous (cauliflower-like) or ulcerated skin lesions May develop arthritis if infects joint space Dissemination to distant sites in patients w/ impaired T-lymphocytes (AIDS, etc.) or in ALCOHOLICS Itraconazole to treat |
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Deep Fungal Infections
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Dimorphic fungal infections
All except Sporothrix (Drunken Rose Gardener's) are endemic to particular regions Classical and opportunistic species Histoplasma capsulatum common in VA All are airborne infections except Sporothrix Majority of infections are asymptomatic Can cause acute pneumonia |
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Mycetomas
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Involves tissue, muscle, bone, fascia
Usually affects the hands or feet Suppurative sinuses seen as tracts in skin, abscesses, and granulomas Caused by dematiaceous fungi (Madurella mycetoma, etc.) Amputation often necessary |
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Chromoblastomycosis
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Verrucous (cauliflower-like) dermatitis in tropical areas
Caused by dematiaceous fungi *Appear as brown, septate yeast-like cells (called sclerotic bodies and differentiates this from phaehyphomycosis) |
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Phaeohyphomycosis
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Only subcutaneous fungal infection that can get into the blood
Caused by dematiaceous fungi Commonly found in soil, acquired by traumatic inoculation, and causes chronic subcutaneous infection Rarely causes brain abscess Hyphal morphology sets it apart from chromoblastomycosis (also more inflammative) |
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Sporothrix schenckii - Sporotrichosis
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Drunken Rose Gardeners Disease b/c commonly from rose prick
Superficial cutaneous, subcutaneous, and disseminated syndromes Dimorphic fungus Found on thorns, moss, etc. world-wide Cutaneous-lymphatic infection is most common (tracks along lymphatics) Also get pulmonary and disseminated diseases Verrucous (cauliflower-like) or ulcerated skin lesions Dissemination to distant sites in patients w/ impaired T-lymphocytes (AIDS, etc.) or in alcoholics Itraconazole to treat |
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Deep Fungal Infections
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Dimorphic fungal infections
All except Sporothrix are endemic to particular regions Classical and opportunistic species Histoplasma capsulatum common in VA All are airborne infections except Sporothrix Majority of infections are asymptomatic Can cause acute pneumonia |
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Blastomyces dermatitides
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Fungal infection (Deep)
Disease harbored in dogs Dogs like BLTS - Bone, Lungs, Testes, Skin SE USA Infects lungs - non-resolving pneumonia, lung mass, or cavitary disease skin - verrucous lesion w/ erythematous border. Pus lies underneath lesion. Pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia is hallmark bone - Affects vertebral bodies and abscesses in psoas muscles testes (orchitis) / prostate - likes to go to these areas and organism can be recovered in urine **Blastomyces has Broad-Based Budding yeast Treat w/ Amphotericin B or Itraconazole |
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Coccidioides immitis
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Fungal Infection (Deep)
Southwestern US - AKA Valley fever SOAP - Skin, Osseus, Antibody test, Pulmonary Associated w/ big outdoor events and dust storms More severe in African Americans, Asians, 3rd trimester pregnancy, and AIDS Hyphae w/ arthrospores in nature (individual cells of hyphae) and spherules w/ endospores in tissue (endospores which spread hematogenously) *Culturing this organism is VERY DANGEROUS b/c easily inhaled (use serology testing instead) Pulmonary - persistant pneumonia in upper lobes, cavitary disease Skin - Verrucous granulomas and abscesses w/ NO central atrophy Osseous - Like areas where tendons insert, can cause vertebral infection Only fungal organism that antibody testing is used for Severe cases treated w/ Amphotericin-B, bad cases w/ Fluconazole, and mild cases not treated |
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Histoplasma capsulatum
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Fungal infection (Deep)
Found in "Ohio & Mississippi River Basin" - VA Chronic pulmonary form in patients w/ COPD Found in dusty conditions associated w/ bird droppings (clearing chicken coops, debris, or spelunking) Usually asymptomatic, but pulmonary disease w/ large inoculum size (fever, cough, CHEST PAIN, abnormal chest x-ray) Main defense against Histoplasma is helper T cell In immunocompromised can cause disseminated histoplasmosis (widespread infection in RES) - fever, weight loss, cytopenia, oral / skin ulcers (AIDS Most common underlying condition) - may need lifelong treatment Can cause multiple splenic calcifications Serologies not sensitive or specific Can use urine histoplasma antigen or culture to diagnose Treat w/ Amphotericin-B if severe |
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Paracoccidioides brasiliensis
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Similar to other deep fungal diseases
Progressive pneumonia and muco-cutaneous-lymphatic disease |
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Opportunistic Fungal Infections
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Widely distributed in nature and sometimes part of normal human flora
Most are NOT dimorphic, but are molds May occur by any route of entrance |
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Aspergillus fumigatus - Aspergillus
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Fungal infection (opportunistic)
Aspergillus fumigatus Ubiquitous in the environment - always a mold Allergic bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis - resembles asthma, increased IgE and Eosinophilia. Cough up brown plugs. Treat w/ corticosteroids Fungus Ball - growth of organisms in pre-existing pulmonary cavity (from TB, etc.) Invasive Pulmonary Disease - very hemorrhagic. Pneumonia and may disseminate to brain Can also cause endocarditis or infect wounds **Dichotomous branching, septate hyphae seen Need both direct observation & culture to diagnose Treat w/ *Voriconazole or Amphotericin B |
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Candida species
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Fungal infection (opportunistic)
Part of normal flora Superficial infections - diaper rash, intertrigo Mucosal infections - vaginitis, thrush Severe Disseminated disease in immunocompromised, post abdominal surgery, prolonged corticosteroid use Fungemia - 2nd MCC of bloodstream infections w/ catheter Culture to diagnose and treat w/ Amphotericin B or fluconazole |
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Cryptococcus neoformans
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Fungal infection (opportunistic)
*Encapsulated yeast - evades immune system Associated w/ pigeon droppings MCC of meningitis in AIDS Acquired by inhalation - pneumonia - >50% disseminate to meningea |
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Zygomycosis
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Fungal infection (opportunistic)
Ubiquitous in nature - common mold on food, plants, etc. Always appear in mold state Have Hyphae that branch at bizarre angles Like to invade blood vessels, which leads to ischemia and necrosis More invasive, so you need surgery **Rhinocerebral - Most common. Occurs in poorly controlled diabetics w/ acidosis. rare in AIDS. Spores inhaled and germinate. *VERY rapid and devastating. Can invade brain. Treat w/ surgical debridement and Ampho B Invasive Pulmonary disease, brain abscess, cutaneous disease in burns Gastrointestinal - In patients w/ extreme malnutrition. Rapidly fatal Hallmarks to look for are vascular invasion, tissue necrosis (black eschars) |
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Ectoparasite
Endoparasite |
Ectoparasite - lives on the surface of the body (lice)
Endoparasite - lives within the host's body, lives within organs (tapeworm, etc.) |
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2 types of parasite life cycle
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1.) Direct - parasite is passed from host to host directly (human to human)
2.) Indirect - parasite develops or multiplies in a vector or an intermediate host |
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4 classes of protozoa
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1.) Sporozoa (intracellular)
2.) Flagellates (Extracellular and intracellular) 3.) Amoebae (Extracellular and move by pseudopod formation) 4.) Ciliates (Extracellular) |
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2 stages of parasite life cycle
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Trophozoites - feeding, dividing stage, causes damage to tissues
Cyst - dormant, protects organisms from environment |
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Entamoeba histolytica - Amebiasis
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Protozoan infection
Caused by Entamoeba histolytica (feed on erythrocytes) Diarrhea, Liver, GI Ulcers invades submucosa of large intestine and can cause Amebic dysentary Can also get into the liver in some cases causing Hepatic amebiasis w/ hepatomegaly, tenderness over liver, and referred pain to right shoulder (can be fatal) Chronic form causes diarrhea Get to stomach & acid makes it excyst, goes to large intestine, and then may enter liver Can cause ulcers via lytic enzymes that must be distinguished from ulcerative colitis b/c if you give corticosteroids for ulcerative colitis, you can make amebiasis worse Diagnose by culture or antibody test Treat w/ Metronidazole |
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Balantidium coli - Balantidiasis
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Protozoan infection
caused by Balantidium coli (only ciliated parasite, rare) Large intestine parasite that causes diarrhea or dysentery Can cause ulcers like Entamoeba histolytica, but IS NOT INVASIVE (Does not go to other sites like histolytica goes to the liver) Diagnosed by finding trophozites or cysts in the stool |
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Giardia lamblia - Giardiasis
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Protozoan infection
Caused by Giardia lamblia (intestinal flagilate) Infects the small intestine and can cause diarrhea w/ steatorrhea - fatty stools "Ghirardelli chocolate is fatty = fatty stools in Giardia" Caused by ingestion of mature cysts More common in children Flagellites stick to intestine and can cause vilous atrophy leading to fatty stools & problems w/ vitamin absorption Diagnosed by finding cysts or trophozoites in stool |
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Cryptosporidium spp. - Cryptosporidiosis
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INTRACELLULAR Protozoan infection
Cryptosporidium spp. "Crypt for the GI tract or lungs of Immunocompromised" Infects multiple sites along GI tract and usually found in brush border of intestinal cells Effects immunocompromised primarily - chronic diarrhea and pulmonary infections May cause self-limited diarrhea in immunocompetent Ingest oocyst to get infection and is still infectious in stool Parasite lives inside cell, but right at the edge of the cell so it can get into the lumen of the intestine Diagnosed by finding oocysts in stool or biopsy material |
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Trichomonas vaginalis - *Trichomoniasis
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Trichomonas vaginalis (common PROTOZOAN infection of urogenital tract)
trophozoites only - inhabit vagina / urethra of female and urethra / prostate of males Transmission primarily by sex Also from unclean toilets Causes infectious vaginitis in females - vaginal discharge w/ burning and frequency of urination Usually asymptomatic in males Vaginal mucosa hyperemic w/ bright-red punctate lesions. May get abnormal PAP smear Must treat BOTH male and female to prevent re-transmission NO cyst stage |
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3 genera of Free-Living Amoeba that can cause fatal infections in humans
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1.) Naegleria fowleri (Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis)
2.) Acanthamoeba spp (Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis) 3.) Balamuthia mandrillaris (Granulomatous amoebic encephalitis) |
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Naegleria fowleri
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Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM)
Amoebic infection Not "True" parasite b/c can live in environment Breathe organism in through nose while you're swimming, it attaches to the olfactory mucosa and follows nerves through the cribiform plate and into the brain where it keeps dividing Causes fatal meningoencephalitis Found in fresh water only Severe frontal headache, fever, nausea, CNS problems - death in 4-5 days LP to diagnose - Leukocytes elevated w/ lots of neutrophils Amphotericin B to treat |
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Acanthameba spp. - Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis
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Amoebic infection
Acanthameba spp. Usually in chronically ill individuals or immunocompromised Necrosis of CNS tissue w/ chronic inflammation and granulomas - necrotizing encephalitis that is often fatal Present w/ abnormal mental status, irritability, dizziness, seizures, palsies Can also cause Cutaneous acanthamoebiasis (lesions usually on extremities and sinusitis rarely), or Acanthamoeba keratitis (infection of cornea w/ corneal ulceration and loss of vision - can come from contacts) Amebic keratitis has unique corneal ring-shaped morphology and severe ocular pain Isolate trophozites for diagnosis No useful treatment |
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Balamuthia mandrillaris - Granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (BAE)
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Balamuthia mandrillaris
Infects immunocompetent too Very disfiguring infection that can get to the brain and can be fatal Trophozoite (infective) and cyst stage Lives in soil - skin or resp tract - spread to other areas like the brain fever, palsies, blurred vision, hepiparesis Diagnosis usually made post-mortem via immunofluorescence |
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Toxoplasma gondii - Toxoplasmosis
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INTRACELLULAR Sporozoan disease
Toxoplasma gondii Infection common, disease is rare Get oocysts from cat feces or improperly cooked meat - dangerous for fetus Reactivation of cerebral toxoplasmosis found in AIDS patients (encephalitis) Congenital Toxoplamosis - death of the fetus, chorioretinitis (blindness), encephalomyelitis (infects brain), hydrocephaly, or microcephaly Diagnosed by Sabin-Feldman dye test / hemagglutination tests / TORCH titers on newborn Get in macrophages to get throughout body safely Cat to animals, to humans, or cat to human. Then mother to fetus IgM in mother or newborn = acute infection (bad) **IGM DOES NOT CROSS the Placenta IgG in mother = immunity (good) IgG in fetus = acquired immunity from mother (good) |
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Plasmodium falciparum - Malaria
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Plasmodium falciparum (most deadly form, causes malignant malaria)
Female Anopheles mosquites transmits disase Parasite develops into sporozoytes in the mosquito (sexual stage) - mosquito injects sporozoyte into host - goes to liver and replicate - liver cells burst - goes to RBC and causes anemia Brief prodromal stage w/ headache / muscle aches - cold stage w/ shaking chills - fever stage - sweating stage where fever terminates Diagnosed by seeing charcteristic "rings" in RBCs Enlarged liver and very dark spleen (from breakdown product of hemoglobin) Antigen-Antibody disease - deposits on glomerulus & immune system attacks it causing glomerulonephritis "Knobs" on RBC caused by plasmosis proteins makes them very sticky - blocks off RBC transport and can't get Oxygen to the brain (worst outcome of malaria) Need specific receptors to be infected & sickle cell patients are immune |
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Leishmaniasis
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Intracellular parasite infection
Trypanosomatidae family Infection by bite of female sandflies (Phlebotomus) Ulcerating lesions and parasites are found in macrophages where they proliferate Ulcers leave scars and often involve nose and mouth Secondary bacterial infections play role in persistance of ulcers Sand fly injects promastagote, it loses it's flagella to become amastagote, which then infects skin or mucosal membrane Leishmania tropica - Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (disfiguring, but heals and infects skin). Develop immunity Leishmania braziliensis - Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis (very disfiguring and infects mucous membranes). Can be fatal. Leishmania donovani - visceral Leishmaniasis 2 stages of their life cycle - promastigoes and amastigotes |
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Leishmania donovani - Visceral Leishmaniasis
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Leishmania donovani (flaggelate)
Systemic disease that infects reticuloendothelial sysem (RES) transmitted by female sandfly (phlebotomus genus) splenomegaly and hepatosplenomegaly If untreated it is usually fatal Diagnosis by demonstrating Leishmania in stained films or culture from liver / spleen |
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4 stages of family Trypanosomatidae
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1.) Trypomastigote (fully mature w/ flagella)
2.) Epimastigote 3.) Promastigote 4.) Amastigote (intracellular form that doesn't have flagella) |
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Trypanosoma gambiense - African Trypanosomiasis
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Caused by parasites that undergo antigenic variation
Trypanosoma gambiense Causes African Sleeping Sickness Epimastigote & tryposmastigote stages Acute state w/ trypansomes in the blood and lymphatics to chronic sleeping sickness stage w/ invasion of CNS Transmitted by tsetse flies Undergo Antigenic Variation Fever, intense headache, and enlarged lymph cervical lymph nodes in blood / lymph stage Somnolence, emaciation, and eventually coma and death in CNS stage Damage caused by inflammatory cytokines in CNS |
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Trypanosoma cruzi - American Trypanosomiasis (Chagas' disease)
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Trypanasome parasites w/ all 4 stages
Trypanosoma cruzi (Flagellate) Hematozoan infection of the RES, heart, and brain Most common / severe in children Transmitted by fecal material of reduviid bugs (kissing bug) Chagoma (granulomatous lesion) appears at site of bite, acute disease w/ fever, hepatosplenomegaly, and edema of eyelids (Romana's sign) Can then spread to heart and brain producing myocarditis and meningoencephalitis Can also cause Mega Colon Diagnosis in acute phase by stained blood films Chronic phase diagnosed from complement-fixation test. |
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Enterobius vermicularis - Enterobiasis
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Intestinal roundworm (Nematode)
Enterobius vermicularis Pinworm infection Common in US Get infected from ingesting worm eggs Female pinworm comes out to anal folds and lays eggs there where they hatch Not a serious disease and simply causes nervousness and irritability in children Diagnosed by applying scotch tape to perianal region and examining it under a microscope |
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Ascaris lumbricoides - Ascariasis
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Intestinal roundworm (Nematode)
Ascaris lumbricoides Giant Roundworm Roundworm infection of small intestine Ingest eggs and larvae come out - go to lungs - nematodes shed coat in lungs and grow to adults - cough up adult and swallow worm again - gets to intestine where they grow to full size adults Can obstruct the intestines, pneumonia w/ eosinophilia, or cause hypersensitivity in the lungs Can migrate to liver and appendix Eggs are the infectious stage Diagnosis made by finding eggs in the stool |
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Ancyclostoma duodenale / Necator americanus - Ancylostomiasis
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Intestinal roundworm (Nematode)
Ancyclostoma duodenale, Necator americanus Hookworm infection Debilitating intestinal infection usually causing anemia Larvae form is infectious form Enter through skin when walking on moist soil - get to circuilatory system - go through lungs - coughed up and swallowed - become adults in the intestine Hook into mucosa and feed on erythrocytes causing ***Hypochromic microcytic anemia Itching of skin when larvae penetrates, pneumonia, and anemia |
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Trichuris trichiura - Trichuriasis
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Intestinal roundworm (Nematode)
Trichuris trichiura Whipworm infection Nematode infection of large intestine Abdominal pain, vomiting, and muccous diarrhea or appendicities from adult worms that live "sewn" into caecum and appendix eggs are infectious |
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Trichinella spiralis - Trichinosis
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Intestinal roundworm (Nematode)
Trichinella spiralis Nematode disease resulting from migration and encystment in the muscle of the larvae Eat raw or insufficiently cooked pork w/ encysted larvae - mature to adults in small intestine - male and female mate - adults leave and larvae passed to intestinal mucosa and migrate to the striated muscles Muscle pain, fever, and trouble breathing if it goes to the diaphragm ****High Eosinophil concentration seen Skin test or muscle biopsy to diagnose |
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Strongyloides stercoralis - Strongyloidiasis
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Strongyloides stercoralis
Larvae penetrates skin Causes erythematous pruritus, pneumonitis, diarrhea, electrolyte imbalance Acute respiratory distress in immunosuppressed Only nematode in which larvae, rather than eggs are passed in feces Intermittent watery diarrhea w/ mucus in presence of eosinophilia is suggestive of this disease |
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Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati - Visceral Larva Migrans
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Tissue roundworms (Nematode)
Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati Larvae of dog or cat roundworms get into humans through ingestion of the eggs Marked eosinophilia, anemia, hepatomegaly Cause granulomas - can become fibrotic in kidney or brain Can last for a year DOC is Thiabendazole |
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Ancylostoma caninum, Ancylostoma brasiliense - Cutaneous Larva Migrans
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Ancylostoma caninum, Ancylostoma brasiliense
Cutaneous Larva Migrans - Larva is like Lava, which ERUPTS (eruption dermatitis) from volcano and is INTENSE (intense pruritis) Creeping eruption dermititis caused by larvae of dog or cat hookworms Intense pruritis and 2ndary infection by scratching Self-limited, but larvae killed by freezing area Never become adult worms in humans |
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Teniasis
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Intestinal Tapeworms (Cestode)
Taenia saginata = beef tapeworm Taenia solium = pork tapeworm (worst b/c gets into brain) Intestinal infection of long duration b/c adult tape worms live attached to small intestine Infection by eating raw meat containing infected larvae Nausea, hunger pains, diarrhea, and weight loss caused by toxic metabolites of worm Most are asymptomatic Diagnosis by finding gravid proglottids containing eggs Treated w/ Niclosamide (picture tape worm wrapped around a nickel) |
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Cysticercosis (Cysticercus cellulosae)
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Intestinal Tapeworms (Cestode)
Larva of Taenia solium pork tapeworm Shedding progladids w/ lots of eggs. Eat egg and turns into larvae (cysticercosis). Larvae invade gut wall and migrate to muscle or brain larvae produce neurocysticercosis in the brain (epilepsy) Cysticercus in the brain may produce symptoms of Jacksonian epilepsy Must get head during removal b/c organism will grow back if you just get the body (progladid) ** Taeniasis caused by adult tapeworms, Cysticercosis Caused by Larvae ** |
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Hydatidosis
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Intestinal Tapeworms (Cestode)
Tapeworm larvae encysted in various organs (liver and lung) Must treat for a long time or get surgery for debridement If they burst, they can cause anaphylaxis |
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Schistosomiasis
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Fluke infection (Trematode)
Schistosoma mansoni (go to intestine & form granulomas) Schistosoma japonicum ( Go to liver, form granuloma, and get cirrhosis) Schistosoma hematobium - hematuria, cystitis, and may cause carcinoma of bladder S. mansoni & S. japonicum have eggs in feces S. hematobium have eggs in uriner ****Eggs have lateral spine Blood-fluke disease where male and female adults live in veins of man (mesenteric veins) Direct penetration of the larvae present in water - larvae mature in liver and migrate to veins acute hepatitis when worms in liver. Dysentery eggs out in feces or urine - swimming form comes out in water and must go through specific snail - comes out in water as cercaria that is infectious to humans - adult female and male stay together & proudce many eggs in veins that are carried throughout the body Schistosoma hematobium may cause carcinoma of the bladder |
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Clonorchis sinensis - Clonorchiasis
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Clonorchis sinensis
Liver-fluke diseaase Trematode disease of bile ducts after eating freshwater fish w/ larvae Often found in Vietnam vets Diarrhea and eosinophilia from irritation of bile duct Chronic cases cause liver cirrhosis or carcinoma of the billiary tract that may be fatal Diagnose by finding eggs in feces |
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Paragonimus westermani - Paragonimiasis
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Paragonimus westermani
Lung fluke in fibrous capsule in the lungs WESTermani found in the WEST, not in the EAST like Liver flukes in Vietnam vets Infection from eating raw crabs or crayfish Cough and hemoptysis (coughing up blood) May cause Jacksonian epilepsy in brain Diagnosis by finding eggs in stool or sputum |
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Roundworms (Nematodes) that migrate to the lungs, are coughed up, and swallowed back to the intestines
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1.) Ascaris lumbricoides
2.) Necator americanus 3.) Strongyloides stercoralis |
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3 nematodes that are acquired by ingestion of eggs
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Ascaris Lumbricoides
Trichuris trichiura Enterobius vermicularis |
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Drugs used to kill intestinal nematodes
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BEND worms a lot and you can kill them
MeBENDazole AlBENDazole ThiaBENDazole (most side effects) All paralyze the roundworms so they are passed out in the stool |
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Only pathogenic fungi that have human to human spread
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Anthrophilic fungi
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Onchocerca volvulus
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River Blindness
Caused by black flies Blindness caused by worms |
