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94 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Purpose of heat fixation
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Kill microbes
Fix microbes to the slide |
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Beadle & Tatum
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1 gene, 1 enzyme
(what did they use?) |
Used Neurospora crassa
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Time/temp./pressure of autoclaving
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121C & 15lbs of pressure for 15 minutes
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Lucretius
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Disease caused by invisible living creatures
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98-55 BCE
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Media states
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Liquid, semisolid, solid
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Barbara McClintock
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Transposable elements: "jumping genes"
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worked w/ maize
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Chemically defined media
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Composed of known amounts of pure chemicals
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Aristotle
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Spontaneous Generation
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384-322 BCE
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Complex/non-synthetic media
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Complex material whose composition may not be completely known.
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Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin
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X-ray diffraction of DNA
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Chromogen
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Single stain or dye used in simple staining.
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Anthonie van Leeuwenhoek
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father of microbiology
drew & described bacteria & protozoa “wee animalcules” |
1673
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Dyes for simple staining
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Crystal violet (20-30sec)
Carbolfuchsin (5-10sec) Methylene blue (1min) |
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James Watson
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DNA model as double-helix
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Prokaryotic cell charge
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Negative
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Hooke
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1st micro drawing ("hairy mold" colony of fungus)
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1665
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Francis Crick
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DNA model as double-helix.
Described translation. Coined “Central dogma”. Proposed life started with RNA and evolved to DNA. |
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Redi
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Proved spon. gen. of maggots doesn't happen
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1680s
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Gram staining use
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Identification- it stains almost everything.
Distinguishes btwn Gram+ & Gram- bacteria. |
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Carl Woese
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Proposed life started with RNA and evolved to DNA.
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Gram stain dyes
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Crystal violet, Iodine, Decolorizer (alcohol), Safranin.
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Lavoisier
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Air contains O2, and there isn't enough O2 in closed flask to support microbes
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Mid 1700s
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Gram stain steps
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Crystal Violet for 30 seconds.
Water for 5 seconds. Iodine for 1 minute. Water for 5 seconds. Alcohol for 15-30 seconds. Water for 5 seconds. Safranin for 1 minute. Water for 5 seconds. |
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Needham
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Spon. Gen. supporter
"Vital force" |
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Negative Stain dyes
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Nigrosin
India ink Eosin |
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Leclerc
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Spon. Gen. supporter
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Jublot
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No spon. gen.
Described protozoa |
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Acid-fast dyes
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Carbol-fuchsin
Acid-Alcohol Methylene blue |
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Schroder, van Dusch
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filtered air w/ cotton to disprove spon. gen.
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Schleiden & Schwann
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Developed "Cell Theory"
No spon. gen. |
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Endospore Stain dyes
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Malachite green
Safranin |
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Schwann
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Discovered yeast is alive
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Shultze
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Heated air to kill microbes, disprove spon. gen.
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Capsule staining dyes
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Crystal violet
CuSO4 |
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Spallazani
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Air carries germs
Bacterial binary fission |
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Pastuer
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Swan-necked flask experiment.
Finally disproved spon. gen. |
mid 1800s
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Staining procedures w/o heat-fixing
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Capsule
Negative |
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Koch
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Found spore-like bodies in Bacillus anthracis
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1874
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MacConkey & Hektoen select for...?
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G- bacteria
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Tyndall
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heat-resistant life-forms
dust carries microbes spectrophotometer! |
1876
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Hektoen turns orange when?
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Lactose fermentation
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Cohn
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Named heat-resistant forms of bacteria "endospores"
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EMB detects
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Lactose fermentation
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Gaken
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Imbalance btwn humors
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150AD
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MacConkey used to...?
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Determine lactose ferm. through pH indicator.
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Fracastoro
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Invisible "germs" cause disease
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1546
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TSI used to...?
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Distinguish Enterobacteriaceae from other G- intestinal bacilli
through carb. utilization & H2Sproduction. |
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Van Helmont
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theorized mice from wheat
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1600s
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SIM used to...?
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Detect H2S & indole production, motility.
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Bassi de Lodi
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Silkworm disease caused by fungus
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1835
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Indole used to...?
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Determine ability to hydrolyze tryptophan.
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Berkley
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Potato blight caused by fungus
Phytophthora infestans |
1845
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MR used to...?
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detect pH changes from fermentation.
E.coli= mixed-acid fermentator. E. aerogenes= butanediol ferm. |
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Heinrich de Bary
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Smuts & rusts caused cereal crop diseases
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1853
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VP used to...?
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detect butanediol from glucose fermentation.
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Louis Pasteur- other
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Discovered pebrine disease of silkworms due to microsporan Nosema bombysis
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1857
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SCA used to...?
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determine citrate utilization
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Henle & Koch
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Established criteria relating anthrax to Bacillus anthacis
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1877
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Urease test used to...?
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Detect urease. :P
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Semmelweis
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Hand-washing prevents puerperal fever
Used chlorine antiseptic |
1847
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Lister
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Sterilization of instruments w/ heat
Phenol as aniseptic |
1865
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Jenner
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Smallpox Vaccination (1st vac.)
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1798
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Winogradsky
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Studied soil bacteriology.
Dev. model ecosystem |
1887-90
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Beijerinck
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Use of enrichment cultures
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Atlas
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Modern methods for microbial ecology
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Colwell
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"Viable but nonculturable bacteria"
Studied vibrio. |
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Lynn Margulis
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Endosymbiont hypothesis
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Brock
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Discovered archeons
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Pace
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Sequenced thermophiles
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Woese & Fox
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Used 16S rRNA
Developed 3-domain system |
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Venter & Frasier
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Sequencing of bacterial genomes
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Nelson
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Sequencing of Thermotoga
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H. Smith
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Sequencing of H. Influenza
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1995
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Friedrich Miescher
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discovered nuclein (nucleic acid)
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Frederick Griffith
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Transformation; suggested that DNA might be genetic material
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Avery, McCarty, MacLeod
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“Transforming agent” was DNA
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Chargaff
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Base pairings (A-T, C-G)
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Hershey & Chase
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DNA genetic material, not proteins.
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Radiolabel bacteriophage, infect bacteria, blend.
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Ochoa & Grunberg-Manago
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discovered polynucleotide phosphorylase, which adds bases to RNA
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Paul Zamecnik
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discovered ribosomes
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Hoagland, Zamecnik & Crick
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Described translation
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Meselson & Stahl
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DNA replication semi-conservative
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Kornberg, Lehrman, Bessman, & Simms
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DNA polymerase III
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Mirenberg & Matthaei
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triplet genetic code
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Khorana
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Assigned triplets to amino acids
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Temin & Baltimore
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Independently discovered reverse transcriptase
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Altman & Cech
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Discovered autocatalytic processes in RNA
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Who shares Nobel Prize for HIV?
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Francoise Barrie-sinoussi
Montagnier |
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Incidence for HIV worldwide
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2.3-2.8 million
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HIV initially called?
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LAV or HTLV-3
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HIV stands for
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Human Immunodeficiency Virus
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HIV deaths 1981-Dec. 2010
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28 million
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N. American infections in 2010
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1.3
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N. American death in 2010
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1.8
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