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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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2 types of Immunizations
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1) Active Immunization
2) Passive Immunization |
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Active Immunization
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-Protection from communicable diseases
-Immune system generates its own antibodies -Allows for developments of memory |
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Passive Immunization
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-Artificially acquired passive immunity
-Injecting with performed antibodies -Immunity only lasts as long as antibodies last |
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Why use passive immunity?
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1)May not be enough time for person to develop active response
2)Can inactive toxins already in body 3)Healthcare workers or traveler traveling to an endemic area 4)May be best available course of treatment |
4 things
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Types of vaccines
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1)Whole organism vaccines
2)Purified macromolecule vaccines |
2 types
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Types of whole organism vaccines
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A) Inactivated (killed)
B) Attenuated (live) |
2 types
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Inactivated (killed)
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-Usually via chemical or radiation treatment
Adv: -Stable -Can't revert to virulent form Dis: -Multiple boosters required -Only elects humoral response Ex: Anthrax, rabies, injectable polio |
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Attenuated (live)
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-Strain cultured so that the organism still infects host, but cannot cause the disease
Adv: -Single booster only -Elicts both humoral and cellular immune response Dis: -less stable -can undrergo reversion (return to virulent form) Ex: TB, MMR, Chicken pox |
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Types of Purified macromolecule vaccine
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1)Polysaccharides (capsular)
2) Recombinant surface atigens 3) Toxoid |
3 types
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Polysaccharides
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-Capsular
-EX: HiB (causes enigitis & pneumonia) |
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Recombinant surface antigens
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-EX: Hep B
-Recombinant hep b surface antigen (HbsAg) protein |
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Toxoid
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-Inactivated toxins
Ex: Diphtheria |
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Immune disorders
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1) Hypersensitivities
2) Autoimmune Diseases 3) Immunodeficiencies 4) Transplantation rejection |
4 types
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Hypersensitivities
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-Exaggerated immune response
-Occurs on second or subsequent antigen -Cause tissue damage Four types: I, II, III, IV |
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Type I (Immediate) Hypersensitivity
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-Allergy
-Occurs immediately following second contact with allergen -Involves production of IgE +produced by plasma cells +serve as receptors on mast cells and basophils, when cross-linked with 2 or more IgE receptors it triggers degranulation of mast cell or basophil (causes physiological response) |
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Major Chemical Mediators
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Histamine
-fast-acting -increase vascular permiability -vasodilation -smooth muscle contraction Leukotrienes -late-acting -smooth muscle contraction -primary mediator of asthmatic reaction(asthma attacks) |
2 types
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Anaphylaxis
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Collection of response to allergen
-smooth muscle contraction -vasodilation -increased vascular permeablility -mucous secretion Can be systemic or localized |
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2 types of Anaphylaxis
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1) Systemic Anaphylaxis
2) Localized Anaphylaxis |
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Systemic Anaphylaxis
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-Severe allergic reaction
-result from massive release of mast cell mediators in a short time -Respiratory impairment, decreased blood pressure, and circulatory shock (anaphylactic shock) -Can cause death in a few mins -Requires immediate epinephrine injection (adrenaline) |
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Localized Anaphylaxis
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Effects confined to where allergen enters
4 types: 1)Hay fever 2)Asthma 3)Food Allergies 4)Eczema |
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Hay fever
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-upper respitory tract
-10% of US population -Watery eyes, sneezing, runny nose, increased mucus |
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Asthma
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-lower respiratory tract
-constriction of airways, inflammation, increased mucus, damage to respiratory epithelium -use bronchiodilators to relax airway and corticosteroids to decrease inflammation |
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Food allergies
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-Digestive tract
-Vomiting. diarrhea, swelling of lips and tongue -Asthma attack or hive can develop if allergen enters blood EX:peanuts, eggs, milk, soybeans, wheat |
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Eczema
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-Skin
-Red skin eruptions, dry and scaly skin -Mainly in young children |
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Diagnosis and treatment of Localized anaphylaxis
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Diagnosed by skin tests
-small amounts of alleregn into skin -Rapid inflammatory reaction characterized by redness, swelling, and itching Desensitization -controlled exposure to allergen by subdermal injections -Stimulates IgG production (neutralize allergen) |
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Type II (antibody- mediated) Hypersensitivity
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-Cytolytic or cytotoxic reaction
-Involves IgG and IgM antibodies EX: blood transfusions reaction |
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Type III (Immune complex-mediated) Hypersensitivity
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-Involves formation of immune complexes
--usually removed by monocytes and macrophages --if accumulate, leads to hypersensitivity (inflamation causes tissue damage by NEUTROPHILS) -Contributes to some autoimmune disorders |
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Diseases caused by Type III Reactions
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-Diseases resulting from chronic immune complex formation and deposition of tissues
-DIseases resulting from prolonged formation and deposition of autoantibody-self antigen immune complexes -Diseases resulting from formation of immune complexes at body surfaces |
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Type IV (delayed-type) Hypersensitivity (DTH)
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Involves special subset of Th1 cells (often called delayed-type hypersensitivity (Tdth) cells)
Contact of Tdth cells with antigen causes activation & cytokine production Can lead to extensive tissue damage by MACROPHAGES (allergic contact dermatitis) |
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2) Autoimmune Disorders
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Autoimmunity
-presence of autoantibodies -often beign -natural consequence of again -5%-7% in world (common in females) Autoimmune disease -activation of self-reactive T and B cells -leads to tissue damage |
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Examples of Autoimmune disorders (2 types)
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1) Myasthenia Gravis
2) Multiple Sclerosis |
2 types
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Myacthenia Gravis
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-autoantibodies made against acetylcholine receptor (AChR) (acetylcholine usuallbinds to AChR on muscle cells)
-autoantibodies bind and block activation of acetylcholine (no muscle contraction) |
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Multiple Sclerosis
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-Autoreactive T cells infultrate the brain
-destroy myelin sheaths -results in numerous neurological dysfunctions |
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Factors that influence development of autoimmune disease
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1)Genetic
2)Viral 3)Endocrine 4)Psychoneuroimmunological (influence of stress and neurochemicals on immune system) |
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3) Immunodeficiencies
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-Failure to recognize and or respond properly to foreign antigens
-Makes person more prone to infections -Primary immunodeficiencies (genetic disorders) -Acquried immunodeficiencies (ex:HIV) |
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Examples of Primary Immunodeficiencies
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Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD)
-Defective NADPH oxidase -Can't generate ROIs -phagocytes can't kill phagocytosed bacteria X-linked Agammaglobinemia (XLA) -No peripheral B calls (dont mature) -Very little IgG and absence of other Ig classes |
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4) Transplantation (tissue) rejection
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Types of Transplants:
-Autograft- self-transplant -Isograft- genetically identical transplant -Allograft- genetically different transplant -Xenograft- transplant between species Differences in MHC molecules can cause tissue rejection -govern self/nonself recognition -rejection minimized by matching MHC molecules as closely as possible |
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Graft vs. Host diseases
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-Immunocompetent cells in donor tissue reject host
EX:bone marrow transplants |
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