Micro Final Ch 1-13

Front 1

Definition of Microbiology?

Back 1

Area of Biology that deals with living things too small to be seen without magnification

Front 2

What branch of Microbiology studies Bacteria?

Back 2

Bacteriology

Front 3

What branch of Microbiology studies Virus?

Back 3

Virology

Front 4

What Branch of Microbiology studies Fungi?

Back 4

Mycology

Front 5

What Branch of Microbiology studies Algae?

Back 5

Phycology

Front 6

What Branch of Microbiology studies Protozoa?

Back 6

Protozoology

Front 7

What branch of Microbiology studies Helminths?

Back 7

Parasitology

Front 8

Prokaryotic VS. Eukaryotic

Back 8

Prokaryotic= NO nucleus, no membrane enclosed organelles

Eukaryotic= HAS nucleus, has membrane enclosed organelles

Front 9

What metric scale measures Virus?

Back 9

nm (nanometer)

Front 10

What metric scale measures bacteria?

Back 10

micrometer

Front 11

What is the Spontaneous Generation Theory and who DISPROVED it?

Back 11

living things will suddenly appear from nonliving matter (meat left out=maggots, old rags and thrown out food=mice)

PASTEUR disproved

Front 12

What is Biogenesis theory?

Back 12

Living things arise from other living things of the same kind (cats from cats, mice from mice)

Front 13

What did Leeuwenhoek contribute to Microbiology?

Back 13

-developed single lense microscope,
-didn't share knowledge,
-father of bacteriology and protozoology

Front 14

What did Louis Pasteur contribute to Microbiology?

Back 14

- Disproved spontaneous generation theory
-microbes in air contaminate open broths (swan necked flask)
-certain organsisms cause certain diseases

Front 15

What did Robert Koch contribute to Microbiology?

Back 15

-Proved germ theory of disease by finding causative for Anthrax
-ISOLATION, INOCULATION, MEDIA, PURE CULTURES, MICROSCOPE, PREPARATION

Front 16

Define Pathogen:

Back 16

an organism that can cause disease in the normal healthy individual

Front 17

Define Normal Flora:

Back 17

microbes that normally live in or on a human, and do not normally cause disease

Front 18

Define Taxonomy:

Back 18

formal system for organizing, classifying, and naming living things

Front 19

What is the order of the Taxa?

Back 19

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
"Did King Popeye Come Over For Green Spinach"

Front 20

How to write a Scientific Name?

Back 20

1) write Genus then Species
2) genus is capitalized, speices is lower cased
3) both genus and species are underlined or written in italics

Front 21

the 5 i's?

Back 21

1) inoculation- bacteria into sterile broth or solid media w/ loop or needle
2) incubation- inoculated broth in a specific tempurature for a set time
3) isolation- isolate single colony on petri plate to obtain pure culture
4) inspection- observe growth, observe results of stains and biochemical tests
5) identification- results of tests and Bergey's Manual to identify genus and species of microorganism

Front 22

What is Pure Culture?

Back 22

one microbe growing in culture medium

Front 23

What is Mixed Culture?

Back 23

more than one microbe growing in sample or culture medium

Front 24

Liquid media?

Back 24

-called BROTH (in test tube)
-no gelling agent (no agar)
-ex: nutrient broth

Front 25

Semisolid Media?

Back 25

-softconsistency (in test tube)
-small amount of agar
-ex: motility

Front 26

Solid Media?

Back 26

-solid, more consistent
-in test tube or petri plate
-larger amount of agar
-ex: nutrient agar, tsa

Front 27

What is Agar?

Back 27

complex polysaccharide isolated form of red algae.(gelidium)
-Fanny Hesse suggested use of agar

Front 28

Who developed the Petri Plate?

Back 28

Richard Petri

Front 29

What is a Simple Stain?

Back 29

-uses a SINGLE dye to stain cell
-distinguishes shape/size/arrangement of cells
-EX: crystal violet, methylene blue

Front 30

What is a Differential Stain?

Back 30

-2 different colored dyes; primary and counter
-distinguishes cell types/parts
-gram, acid fast, endospore

Front 31

3 basic bacterial shapes?

Back 31

Coccus (round/oval/bean)
Bacillus(rod shaped/long)
Spiral or Curve
-vibrio(comma)
-sprillum(rigid spiral/helix)
-spriochete(flexible spring shape)

Front 32

What is the atypical bacterial shape?

Back 32

pleomorphic rods- cells of same species vary in shape and size

Front 33

What is Motile and Nonmotile?

Back 33

MOTILE: will flip, rotate, go straight

NONMOTILE: only exhibit "brownian movement"

Front 34

How do Prokaryotic (bacterial) flagella operate?

Back 34

360 degree movement (run and tumble)
tumble = clockwise
run= counterclockwise

Front 35

What are Fimbriae?

Back 35

many short hairs used for attatchment (allow microbe to attatch to surface)

Front 36

What are Pilus?

Back 36

single, long hollow appendage
to attatch to bacteria

Front 37

What is the composition of the Cell Envelope?

Back 37

3 outter coverings :
glycocalyx, cell wall, cell membrane

Front 38

What is the function of glycocalyx?

Back 38

allow bacteria to adhere to the environment, protect against phagocytosis (SLIME LAYER or CAPSULE)

not all bacteria have

Front 39

What is the function of the Cell Wall?

Back 39

mycoplasma does not have one.

determines shape and provide protection against osmotic changes.

Front 40

What is the major molecule that composes bacterial Cell Walls?

Back 40

Peptidoglycan

Front 41

Gram Positive Bacteria?

Back 41

-THICK peptidoglycan layer
-HAS teichoicacid
-NO outter membrane
-Stains PURPLE w/ gram

Front 42

Gram Negative Bacteria?

Back 42

-THIN peptidoglycan layer
-NO teichoic acid
-outter membrane external to cell wall
-Stains RED w/ gram

Front 43

Composition and function of Cell Membrane?

Back 43

Third layer, all bacteria have.
-composed of phospholipid bilayer w/ proteins
-DNA anchor during binary fission, location of enzymes used in ATP

Front 44

What is Chromosome and its function?

Back 44

one circular piece of DNA that contains genetic information of the bacterial cell

Front 45

What is Plasmid and function?

Back 45

extrachromosomal DNA that contains information for conjugation or drug resistance

Front 46

Function of Ribosomes?

Back 46

site of protein synthesis, located in cytoplasm

Front 47

Function of Endospores?

Back 47

xused to survive harsh conditions

only bacillus and clostridium can form these when environment becomes harsh

Front 48

what are the 6 factors that effect microbes existence?

Back 48

1) nutrients
2) osmotic pressure
3) temperature
4) pH
5) gas
6) other microbes

Front 49

What are Macronutrients?

Back 49

required in large quantities and play principle roles in cell structure and metabolism.

EX: carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfer

Front 50

What are Micronutrients?

Back 50

required in smaller amounts needed for enzyme and pigment structure and function.

EX: calcium, sodium, potassium, manganese, zinc, copper

Front 51

What is Diffusion?

Back 51

the net movement of solute molecules from their area of greater concentration to lesser concentration

Front 52

What is Facilitated Diffusion?

Back 52

The movement of larger solute molecules from an area of greater concentration to lesser with the aid of TRANSPORT PROTEIN. (some are too large to pass without aid)

Front 53

What is isotonic?

Back 53

no movement of water in or out of the cell

Front 54

What is Hypotonic?

Back 54

external concentration is lower than internal, so water moves into the cell

Front 55

What is Hypertonic?

Back 55

external concentration is higher than internal, so water moves out of the cell

Front 56

What is Halophile?

Back 56

lives in high salt environments (archaeans)

Front 57

What tempuratures do Psycrophiles prefer?

Back 57

-15c to 20c

Front 58

What tempuratures do Mesophiles (human pathogens)?

Back 58

10c to 50c

Front 59

What temperatures do Thermophiles prefer?

Back 59

45c to 80c

Front 60

What pH do Neurophiles prefer?

Back 60

pH 6-8

Front 61

What pH do acidophiles prefer?

Back 61

pH 0-2

Front 62

What pH do Alkalinophiles prefer?

Back 62

pH 8-10

Front 63

Define Aerobic gas requirement?

Back 63

Must have oxygen for growth

Front 64

Define Aerotolerant Anaerobe's gas requirement?

Back 64

does not use oxygen for growth, can tolerate oxygen

Front 65

Facultative anaerobe gas requirement?

Back 65

grows with or without oxygen

Front 66

Strict anaerobe gas requirements?

Back 66

does not use oxygen for growth; dies in presence of oxygen

Front 67

What is the Generation Time?

Back 67

period of time for one cell to become 2 cells

Front 68

4 Phases of Growth Curve:

Back 68

LAG PHASE: no rise in number of cells

EXPONENTIAL PHASE: cells divide at maximum rate

STATIONARY PHASE: growth= death

DEATH PHASE: cell death is greater than cell death

Front 69

What is the Bacteria's way of Asexual Division?

Back 69

Binary Fission

Front 70

Define Metabolism:

Back 70

all chemical reactions of the cell

Front 71

Define Anabolism (synthesis) reactions:

Back 71

smaller atoms or molecules are used to make larger molecules; USES ATP

Front 72

Define Catobolism (decomposition) Reactions:

Back 72

larger molecules are broken down into smaller molecules; MAKES ATP

Front 73

What is Catalyst?

Back 73

a substance that will increase the rate of a chemical reactions.

Front 74

Biological Catalyst:

Back 74

enzyme that is composed of protein

Front 75

Coenzymes =?

Back 75

NAD and FAD

both carry 2 electrons in the from of 2 hydrogen atoms

Front 76

What is mainly used for making ATP?

Back 76

Glucose

Front 77

What is the total energy made during Aerobic Respiration?

Back 77

38 ATP

Front 78

What are the 3 stages of Aerobic Respiration?

Back 78

a) glcolysis- occurs in cytoplasm. involves 9 chemical reactions.

b) Krebs Cyle (TCA)-
occurs in cytoplasm, involves 9 chemical reactions in a cycle pathway, no oxygen needed

c) Electron Transport Chain-
occurs in cell membrane, electrons passed back and forth to produce ATP. oxygen NEEDED

Front 79

How many ATP does one Glucose Molecule produce?

Back 79

2ATP

Front 80

Does Fermentation need Oxygen? EXAMPLES?

Back 80

No/ uses Glycolysis ONLY.

EX:
sacchromyces Cereviseae--> co2 +ethanol (bread,beer)
LACTObacillus acidophilus--> (yogurt, buttermilk)

Front 81

Anaerobic Respiration:

Back 81

includes: Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, ETC.

produces LESS than 38ATPs

final electron acceptor is NOT OXYGEN

Front 82

What type of DNA is usually replicated by Replicon or Rolling Cylce?

Back 82

Chromosome or Plasmid

Front 83

What is Spontaneous Mutation?

Back 83

A random change in DNA arising from mistakes in replication

Front 84

What is Induced Mutations?

Back 84

result from exposure to known mutagens.

(mutagen=any chemical or radiation that will cause changes in the DNA)

Front 85

What is Conjugation (plasmid only)?

Back 85

requires possession of a special plasmid with genes to make pilus = fertility plasmid

replicated by ROLLING CIRCLE

Front 86

What is Transformation? (frederick griffith expermentation)

Back 86

streptococcus pneumoniae.

mouse died

Front 87

What is Transduction?

Back 87

involves a VIRUS picking up a bacterial donor's DNA and transferring it to a recipient bacterium.

enters cell, replicated, synthesized, assembled, leave host by LYSIS

Front 88

What is Transposons? (mcClintock)

Back 88

"jumping genes". will move from one area of bacterial genome to another place.
FIRST DESCRIBED BY BARBARA MCCLINTOCK

chromosome/plasmid

Front 89

What is the hardest microbial structure to kill?

Back 89

Endospore

Front 90

Define Antiseptic:

Back 90

chemicals applied directly to BODY surfaces to inhibit vegetative pathogens

Front 91

Define Disinfectant:

Back 91

use of physical process or a chemical agent that destroys vegetative cells but NOT endospores

Front 92

Define Sterilant:

Back 92

kills or removes ALL viable microorganisms (inanimate objects)

Front 93

Define Virucide:

Back 93

chemical that destroys or inactivates viruses

Front 94

Define Fungicide:

Back 94

Chemical that destroys fungal spores, hyphae, and yeasts

Front 95

Areas of bacterial structure on which agents can act to kill the microbe?

Back 95

1) Cell Wall- become fagile and lyce by osmotic pressure (detergents and alcohol)

2) Cell Membrane- cell loses its selective permeability and cannot prevent loss of vital molecules or entry of damaging molecules. (detergents)

3) Nucleic Acid Synthesis- binding irreversibly to DNA or causing mutations in DNA prevents Transcription and Translation. (radiation, formaldehyde, ethyleneoxide)

4) alter protein function- denaturing protein prevents from working (no chemical reactions) by HEAT, ALCOHOL, ACIDS, PHENOLICS, METALLIC IONS

Front 96

What are Physical Agents?

Back 96

Most bacteria have a range over which they can grow. Minimum- Optimum- Maximum

Front 97

What are Chemical Agents?

Back 97

occur as gas, liquid, or solid.

vary from anticeptics to disinfectants to sterilants.

if solid it may be dissolved in water (aqueous) or Alcohol (tincture)

Front 98

What is Chemotheraputic Agent?

Back 98

a chemical that is used for the treatment of infectious diseases

Front 99

What is an Antibiotic?

Back 99

Metabolic product of one microorganism that inhibits or destroys other microorganisms

Front 100

What is a Natural Antibiotic?

Back 100

unchanged from organism that produces it; streptomyces is the most prolific producer

Front 101

What is Semisynthetic Antibiotic?

Back 101

Natural product is added to chemically in the lab

Front 102

What is Synthetic Antibiotic?

Back 102

drug is made completely in the lab

Front 103

How do Antimicrobial Drugs work in the CELL WALL?

Back 103

peptidoglycan in the cell wall helps to provide a rigid structure that protects agains changes in osmotic pressure in environment.
EX: penicillin and Cephalosporins

Front 104

How to Antimicrobial Drugs work in the Cell Membrane?

Back 104

Damage to cell membrane causes disruption in metabolism or Lysis. Target special types of Lipids

Front 105

How do Antimicrobial Drugs work in Protein Synthesis?

Back 105

Most inhibitors of translation react with the ribosome-mRNA complex. 2 possible targets are 30s and 50s subunit

Front 106

How do Antimicrobial drugs work in Nucleic Acid?

Back 106

they can block the synthesis of nucleotides, and inhibit replication
EX: sulfonamide and trimethoprim, AZT

Front 107

How do Antimicrobial Drugs work in Nucleic Acid?

Back 107

Some drugs act as an analog to an enzyme in a metabolic pathway.

EX:sulfa drugs

Front 108

What is the most prolific producer of antibiotics?

Back 108

Streptomyces

Front 109

Penicillin characteristics:

Back 109

Antibacterial Drug

Prevents peptidoglycan production for cell wall

Natural and Semisynthetic

Front 110

Cephalosporin Characteristics:

Back 110

Antibacterial Drug

Prevents peptidoglycan synthesis

more effective against G- and resistant strains

Front 111

Tetracycline Characteristics:

Back 111

produced by Streptomyces

4 rings

natural and semisynthetic

doxycycline and minocycline

action: bind to small ribosomal 30s subunit (inhibit protein synthesis)

Front 112

Aminoglycosides Characteristics:

Back 112

natural

bind to small ribosomal subunits

Front 113

Nyastin Characteristics:

Back 113

antifungal drug

used to control Candida infections of skin, vagina, or oral thrush or intestinal candiasis

Front 114

Amphotercin B characteristics:

Back 114

antifungal

used for systemic fungal infections (such as histoplasmosis or cryptococcus meningitis)

Front 115

What causes resistant bacteria?

Back 115

over prescribe, prescribed without culture or susceptibility test, broad spectrum usually prescribed, do not finish, antibiotics used in livestock

Front 116

What is a superinfection?

Back 116

disruption in the balance of normal flora

Front 117

What is the definition of infection?

Back 117

a condition in which pathogenic microorganisms penetrate the host defenses, enter tissues, and multiply

Front 118

What is the defnition of disease?

Back 118

a deviation from health due malfunction of a tissue or organ caused by microbes or their products

Front 119

What is the definition of Pathogenicity?

Back 119

the ability of a parasite to gain entry to hosts tissues and bring about disease

Front 120

What is the definition of pathogen?

Back 120

any agent capable of causing disease in a healthy person with normal immune defenses

Front 121

What is the definition of Opportunistic Pathogen?

Back 121

one that invades the tissues when the body defenses are suppressed

Front 122

What is the definition of Virulence?

Back 122

the degree of pathogenicity of a parasite

Front 123

What is a mixed infection?

Back 123

several agents establish a simultaneous infection

Front 124

What is a Local Infection?

Back 124

microbe confined to specific tissue

Front 125

What is a Systemic Infection?

Back 125

Pathogen spreads to many sites of systems

Front 126

What is Primary Infection?

Back 126

the initial infection

Front 127

What is Secondary Infection?

Back 127

the second infection

Front 128

What is the route of the pathogen in causing infection in host?

Back 128

CONTACT>colonization,infiltration,loss,allergy>INFECTION> cure,immunity,entrenchment, carrier state>DISEASE> cure, immunity,morbidity, mortality, carrier state

Front 129

What is the Portal Of Entry?

Back 129

site at which parasite enters the host, most microbes are adapted to a specific portal (otherwise cannot infect)

Front 130

What is the Infectious Dose?

Back 130

refers to the number of organisms that must be taken into the body to establish disease

Front 131

What are the Mechanisms Of Adhesion?

Back 131

attachment; process by which microbes gain a foothold at the portal of entry.

EX: fimbriae, glycocalyx, spikes, flagella, cilia, hooks

Front 132

What is Virulence factors?

Back 132

used for tissure penetration

a) Exoenzymes- chemically break down or dissolve host's barriers and spread microbes

b) Toxins- microbial poisons that aid establishment and progress of disease

c) Antiphagocytic Factors- aid the microbe by helping to escape phagocytosis

d) Antibiotic Resistance- aid in avoiding destruction by an antibiotic will add to it's violence

Front 133

What is the Establishment in Target Organ?

Back 133

aided by virulence factors, microbes settle in their target organ of choice and continue to cause damage

Front 134

What is the Portal of Exit?

Back 134

Pathogens depart by a specific avenue many times the same as entry portals

Front 135

What are the Classic Stages of Infection?

Back 135

a) Incubation Period- time from initial contact with infectious agent and appearance of first symptoms

b) Prodromal Stage- earliest symptoms of infection (headache, fatigue, nausea, fever)

c) Period of Invasion- microbe multiplies at highest rate, exhibits greatest toxicity and is well established in target tissue.

d) Convalescent Period- patient's immune system begins to overcome the microbe, symptoms begin to fade, patients strength returns and body is normal

Front 136

Difference in Communicable and NonCommunicable disease?

Back 136

Communicable- when an infected host can transmit the infectious agent to another host and establish infection in that host

Noncommunicable- arises from environmental microbes on normal flora

Front 137

What is a Nosocomial Infection?

Back 137

infectious diseases acquired as a result of a hospital stay

Front 138

What is the definition of immunology?

Back 138

study of all biological, chemical, and physical events surrounding the function of the immune system